The Role Of Gender And Its Effect On Leadership Styles

The Role of Gender in Leadership For long, the idea of leadership has been associated with men, as evidenced by the idea of â€Å"masculinity†, a core idea of the 20th century leadership theories (Lord, DeVader Alliger, 1986). While it is now commonly accepted in the western world that being a woman is not incompatible with being a leader - even though their num-ber remains limited (Joy, 2008), the question of the role of gender remains. Are there different leadership traits according to the genre? Is there a â€Å"feminine† and a â€Å"mascu-line† way to lead? In this paper, we try to determine to what extent gender has an im-pact on leadership styles. First, we will look at empirical evidences of the role of gen-der in leadership. We will then†¦show more content†¦In employments settings, this translates as two different leaderships styles, one being more task-oriented – primarily agentic; the other being more interpersonally oriented – primarily communal (Bales, 1976) . Thus, male leaders are more likely than female leaders to use target-focused and authoritative management styles. They also tend to adopt an autocratic leadership style and don’t consult their colleagues very often. They use a command-and-control leadership style. On the other hand, female leaders are more likely to be collaborative and adopt a more democratic leadership style (Ea-gly and Johnson, 1990). Transformational and transactional leadership styles (Burns, 1978) also provide a good framework to study the role of gender in leadership. Transformational leader-ship works by appealing to moral values of followers. Such leaders strive to gain con-fidence of their followers by behaving as role models and want to inspire them (Bass, 1990). On contrary, transactional leadership relies on followers’ self-interest. These leaders tend to give rewards based on results, and follow the patterns of management-by-exception (Bass, 1996). Transformational leadership has communal characteris-tics, and therefore, female leaders leadership styles are often closer to transformation-al leadership rather than

The Debate Of Nuclear Weapons - 1328 Words

The debate that nuclear weapons kept peace through mutually assured destruction is still quite controversial. Though some historians do not believe this. Eric Hobsbawm states this, â€Å"both sides thus found themselves committed to an insane arms race to mutual destruction.† The interpretations A, B, C, D both agree and disagree with this point and each historian has their on views. Interpretation A and D disagreed with the question however also had a different view and since it was more revisionist blamed America. On the other hand B and C saw nuclear weapons as a deterrent and agreed with the question. However B state they knew about mutually assured destruction. Interpretation A is from a historian who considers the reasons for the US attitude to nuclear weapons. The interpretation by Hobsbawm shows that due to the Americanism ideology, the anti –Red witch hunts and the victory of the communists in China the USA found its self aggressively dealing with the issue. Therefore both sides were committed to an arms race due to fear. Therefore Hobsbawm is stating that America was using nuclear weapons not as a nuclear deterrent but as a threat against the USSR, to halt the spread of communism into the west. The source is correct in bring up certain points that America did threaten other countries with nuclear arms and did almost use them. An example of this very instance was during the Korean War when General MacArthur went to ask president Truman if he could drop an A-bomb onShow MoreRelatedThe Nuclear Debate On Nuclear Weapons3995 Words   |  16 Pages The Nuclear Debate Joe Archbold POL433 11-4-2014 Abstract Beginning in 1945 with the detonation of nuclear weapons, the international system has been an ever-changing climate regarding nuclear weapons. Beginning with the 40 year deterrence of nuclear force during the cold-war and continuing up until the present day. One of the hot button issues of nuclear weapons is the argument whether or not nuclear weapons are necessary or a necessary evil. Carl Sagan and Kenneth Waltz are the forerunnersRead MoreThe Debate On Nuclear Weapons1616 Words   |  7 Pages(Gerald Ferguson) Due to the severity and danger of nuclear weapons, it is very important for nations to have some sort of regulation with regard to the nuclear program and more specifically their nuclear weapons program. After the first nuclear bomb was created by the U.S. nations states that followed the U.S. with the creation of a nuclear bomb seek to justify their creation of the nuclear. There are many reasons why a nation state will create a nuclear bomb but the key issue here is why and how nationsRead MoreThe Discontinuation of Nuclear Weaponry Creation1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first and only object of good government†. Have political leaders thrown aside this advice in their pursuit of nuclear arms proliferation? Since 1945, many world leaders have established forms of defense known as nuclear weapons that have the technology and capability to completely annihilate designated regions of the earth. Originally a plan for defense, the creation of nuclear arms has primarily turned in to a show of military strength and superiority with little regard towards the preservationRead MoreA Proposal for the International Elimination of Nuclear Weapons1543 Words   |  7 Pagesset out a model of the Nuclear Weapons Convention (NWC) in 1997. The model underwent revision and reforms in 2007. The text puts a proposal that international law completely eliminates and bans the use of nuclear weapons. The proposal has general support from the international system. Over the years, security at the international level has faced opposition when it comes to the disarmament of nuclear weapons. Discussions that are concerned with the risks of nuclear weapons and the options for disarmamentRead MoreArgument Of Rational Deterrence Theory By Kenneth Waltz1026 Words   |  5 Pagestheory later made by Scott Sagan. Nuclear weapons have been an important issue for debate for years. The spotlight of nuclear weapons was an important factor during the cold war nevertheless the question of nu clear weapons remains afterwards. The question of both the spread and contraction of nuclear weapons remains a strong issue because of the opposing theories that argue against the question of the spread, contraction furthermore the total dissolution of nuclear weapons. What was Waltz argument? WaltzRead MoreBanishment of Nuclear Weapons1192 Words   |  5 Pagescatastrophe† (Krieger 4). The debate over the moral and life threatening potential of nuclear weapons has been in question since the first bomb was detonated almost eight decades ago. Nuclear weapons seem rightly owned by the world’s superpowers in order to ensure protection, yet it is feared that nuclear weapons are the horrible remnant of the Cold War that may still potentially cause unilateral destruction. It has been proposed by several benevolent world powers, that nuclear weapons should be banned fromRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Nuclear Weapons1669 Words   |  7 PagesUse Policy If the nuclear bearing countries recommit themselves to fully embrace the idea of a no first use of their nuclear weapons against another country, then this will be an important step to abolishing the weapons. Although in 1982, the Soviet Union declared its intention of a no first use policy but it did not really stop them from deploying and upgrading their weapons. For this condition to hold, it would entail sweeping and substantial changes to US and Russian nuclear deployments, withRead MoreIs The Movie Fail Safe?938 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology has increased concern about whether humans had command over the use of nuclear weapons or can control nuclear weapons. With respect to this statement the research question for this article is the movie Fail Safe more fact than fiction? How plausible is accidental nuclear war? The movie Fail Safe describes these fears by displaying technology doomsday situation where an error by a computer causes a nuclear bomber group to be deployed against Moscow. Along with describing issues with respectRead MoreNuclear Proliferation Is The Global Spread Of Nuclear Weapons And Technology1748 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear proliferation is the global spread of nuclear weapons and technology. At the end of World War II, the spread of nuclear weapons was happening at an accelerated rate. Countries like the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, and China were developing nuclear weapons against the wishes of the United States. In an attempt to stop proliferation, a group of scientists peacefully protested the development of nuclear weapons by sending a petition to the United Nations. The United Nation agreed thatRead MoreNuclear Test B Taking Forward Multilateral Nuclear Weapons1651 Words   |  7 Pages Nuclear Test Ban Taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. A. Introduction Talking of the nuclear test ban under international regime the first thing that ticks the mind is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) which is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on September 10, 1996 but has not entered into force

World War Ii Timeline Free Essays

World War II Timeline [pic] [pic] [pic] 1933 January 1. 30. 1933- Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, bringing ideas of Nazi Party with him June 6. We will write a custom essay sample on World War Ii Timeline or any similar topic only for you Order Now 14. 1933- Nazi party outlaws all other political parties, signaling the beginning of a totalitarian regime October 10. 1933- President Roosevelt recognizes the USSR and establishes diplomatic relations 10. 14. 1933- Germany leaves the League of Nations 1934 December 12. 29. 1934- Japan denounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930, identifying that Japan would no longer abide by the treaties which were intended to prevent an arms race and massive navies. 935 March 3. 16. 1935- Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by enforcing military conscription. This signifies that Germany was re-arming itself and preparing for war. August 8. 31. 1935- President FDR signs First Neutrality Act- prohibiting arms shipments to wartime belligerents October 10. 3. 1935- Italy, under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, invades Ethiopia. 1936 February 2. 29. 1936- President FDR passes Second Neutrality Act this act renewed the First Neutrality Act (1935), and a lso forbade the granting of loans to wartime belligerents March 3. 7. 1936- German troops occupy the Rhineland. Germany was forbidden to take ver more land, as per the Treaty of Versailles. July 7. 18. 1936- Civil War erupts in Spain November 11. 1. 1936- Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany come together, forming the Rome-Berlin Axis. This event holds significance because it was alliances which brought the world into WWI. 11. 25. 1936- Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. This pact was aimed directly against the Soviet Union and the International Communist Movement. 1937 July 7. 7. 1937- Japan invades Nanking, China, killing more than 250,000, most of whom were civilians. This attack essentially begins the â€Å"War in the Pacific† September . 14. 1937- President FDR forbids US ships to carry arms to China or Japan, again signaling American Neutrality. October 10. 5. 1937- President FDR gives a speech in which he urges the ‘collective security and qu arantining of aggressor nations’. This implies the fact that FDR would like the US to remain isolationist. December 12. 12. 1937- Japan sinks the gunboat, the U. S. S. Panay in the Yangtze River in China. Japan formally apologizes after the attack, and pays reparations to the US 1938 February 2. 20. 1938- Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler, formally announces that Germany will support Japan. This further incites desire for war as now three nations (Japan, Germany and Italy) have once again entangled alliances, coupled with militarism and previous actions show a great potential for a second world war. March 3. 12. 1938- Germany launches Anschluss,(union) with Austria. 3. 13. 1938- Germany annexes Austria. May 5. 17. 1938- Naval Expansion Act is passed. This act allotted $1 billion for the US to build a â€Å"Two Ocean Navy,† or a navy which would have bases in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This act recognized the need for protection on both coasts of the country. September 9. 29. 938- Munich Pact- Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Pact, allowing Germany to invade the Czechoslovakian territories known as the Sudetenland. Britain chose to utilize a policy of appeasement in making the decision to sign the pact. 1939 January 1. 4. 1939- US/Germany/Italy Correspondence- FDR writes to Mussolini and Hitler, requesting that they not attack any coun try, on a specified list, for 10 years. Hitler writes back saying that FDR has â€Å"nothing to fear. † This statement by Hitler may be determined to be mocking FDR, as in his inaugural address, FDR stated, â€Å"we have nothing to fear, but fear itself. 1. 5. 1939- Senatorial Rejection- The Senate rejected a Presidential request for permission to offer economic assistance to Britain and/or France in case of war. This decision supports the isolationist way of thinking. March 3. 15. 1939- Hitler violates his own promise made in the Munich Pact (1938) and annexes all of Czechoslovakia. August 8. 23. 1939- Hitler (Germany) and Josef Stalin (USSR) sign a Nonaggression Pact which allowed Hitler to invade Poland, while allowing the Soviet Union to strengthen its western borders. September 9. 1. 1939- Hitler invades Poland. , as permitted by the Nonaggression Pact, 9. . 1939-England, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany, thus beginning another world war. 9. 10. 1939- Canada declares war on Germany November 11. 3. 1939- Congress grants FDR’s request to change neutrality laws as well as repeal an arms embargo so that munitions could be sold to Britain and France, and prevent American ships from sailing into war zones. 1940 March 3. 1940- Germany utilizes its Blitzkrieg warfare, pummeling France in less than one day. April 4. 1. 1940- Germany conquers many of the â€Å"low† countries, including, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg. May 5. 16. 1940- Increased Defense spending- FDR requests that more money be allocated for defense, public opinion supports the new defense program, signaling a shift in public feeling in regards to the conflict. June 6. 10. 1940- Mussolini and his Italian forces attack France from the South. 6. 22. 1940- France Surrenders to Germany and signs an armistice saying as such. Great Britain is now left to stand alone to the Axis powers. July Selective Training and Service Act-Congress enacts the first peacetime draft in history. This forebodes to upcoming US involvement in the war. 7. 10. 940- Battle of Britain-Germany bombs Britain, most notably the firebombing of London. 7. 26. 1940- US withholds gasoline from Japan. In an attempt to make Japan surrender, and weaker. September 9. 3. 1940- FDR agrees to give Britain 50 Destroyers in exchange for naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and sites in the Caribbean and the South Atlantic. 9. 25. 1940- Expansion of Japanese Embargo. The US now includes steel and iron to the Japanese Embargo, which already included gasoline (July 26,1940) 9. 27. 1940- Tripartite Agreement- Japan joins the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and now Japan) October 10. 1. 1940- Battle of Britain ends. German Luftwaffe bombing strategy fails to quash British morale. November 11. 20. 1940- Hungary and Romania sign the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germany, Italy, Japan, and now Hungary and Romania) December 12. 29. 1940- FDR Fireside Chat- FDR claims that the US must be an â€Å"Arsenal of Democracy. † Similar to the reasoning for WWI, which was â€Å"To make the world safe for Democracy† 1941 March 3. 1. 1941- Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and now Bulgaria) 3. 11. 941-Lend-Lease Act- authority to sell, transfer, or lease war goods to the government of any Allied country. ENDED AMERICAN NEUTRALITY 3. 30. 1941- US Seizure of S hips- US seizes 65 Axis ships which have sailed into American ports. April 4. 13. 1941- USSR and Japan sign a neutrality pact. May 5. 15. 1941- American Merchant ship- Robin Moor- sunk by German torpedo in south Atlantic Ocean. FDR declares a National State of Emergency. June 6. 22. 1941- Germany invades Soviet Union. Violated nonaggression pact. US Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, estimates that Germany will conquer the USSR in 3 months. . 24. 1941- US extends the Lend Lease Act to the Soviet Union. July 7. 7. 1941- FDR Announces that the US will protect Iceland for the duration of the war. Similar to Teddy Roosevelt’s â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary† to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the US would be the â€Å"international police force for Latin America. † August 8. 14. 1941- Great Britain and United States sign Atlantic Charter. Joint opposition to fascism, even though US is still nominally neutral. 8. 17. 1941- US warns Japan to stop being aggressive, or e lse. (face the wrath of the US forces, that is) December 2. 7. 1941- â€Å"A Day Which Will Live in Infamy† Pearl Harbor- Japan launches a surprise attack on the US navy at the base in Pearl Harbor. Resulting in the death of over 2,300 service men and 68 civilians. 12. 11. 1941- War Declarations Germany and Italy- Declare war on US United States- Declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan 1942 April 4. 9. 1942- Japan captures US and Filipino forces at Manila. Bataan Death March Begins. May 5. 7. 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea- US Navy repels Japanese forces, saves Australia June 6. 4. 1942- Battle of Midway- US again defeats Japanese. Coupled with the victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7, 1942) *****TURNING POINT FOR THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC***** 6. 18. 1942- Manhattan Project begins, design the atomic bomb. 1943 January 1. 1. 1943-Churchill and Roosevelt Plan- Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President FDR meet in Casablanca, North Africa to plan attacks on all fronts, invade Sicily and Italy, send forces to the Pacific, and to better aid the Soviet Union. 1. 31. 1943- Battle of Stalingrad over 90,000 German troops surrender to the Soviets **TURNING POINT IN WAR AGAINST GERMANY** July 7. 25. 943- Mussolini’s Fascist government in Italy is overthrown! New Italian Government begins peace talks September 9. 8. 1943- Italy officially surrenders to Allied powers December 12. 1. 1943- Cairo Declaration- Allies declare intention to establish an international organization meant to maintain world peace. 1944 June 6. 6. 1944- D-Day Invasion- Allied forces invade Normandy, France, to begin the reclaiming o f Western Europe from Germany. July 7. 24. 1944- Normandy and Brittany- Allied troops force a German retreat by reclaiming large portions of Normandy and Brittany August 8. 25. 944- Paris liberated from Nazi control by US forces and the Free France Campaign. 1945 February 2. 11. 1945- Yalta Conference- the â€Å"Big Three† (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met to discuss Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe Results: Dual administrations in Berlin, the break up of Germany, and the prosecution of war criminals. (Nuremberg Trials) April 4. 12. 1945- President FDR dies of a Cerebral Hemorrhage. 4. 28. 1945- Italian soldiers catch Mussolini attempting to sneak out of the country and murder him. May 5. 8. 1945- V-E Day Victory in Europe is declared August 8. 6. 1945- Atomic Bomb Little Boy is dropped over Hiroshima Japan 8. . 1945- Atomic Bomb Fat Man is dropped over Nagasaki, Japan Both of these bombings resulted in severe, grave destruction 8. 14. 1945- Japan Surrenders! 8. 15. 1945- V- J Day Victory in Japan is declared September 9. 2. 1945- Japan signs formal surrender agreement aboard the U. S. S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. ****ENDS WWII**** Works Cited â€Å"1945. † World War II Timeline. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"APUSH SparkChart 1865-2004. † Www. Sparknotes. com. Sparknotes. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"The History Place – World War II in Europe Timeline. † The History Place. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"World War II Timeline. † Shmoop. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . How to cite World War Ii Timeline, Essay examples

Happy New Year Essay Example For Students

Happy New Year Essay For the last seven years Kim had been seeing her high school sweetheart Patrick who was a volunteer firefighter and they were going to get married soon. Kim was a simple girl, not different than any one else her age. She went to work, home, and out with her friends. Last week, Patrick left their home during the middle of the night when he received an emergency call from the fire station. There was a forest fire on the east side of town. Kim was used to these unexpected phone calls, because he received them often. So she didnt worry much and went to sleep, but in the morning when she woke up there was no sign of Patrick. She called Patrick on his cell phone, but there was no answer. After calling Patrick over and over she decided to call the fire chief to ask him if he had heard of Patrick, but when the chief answered the phone and Kim asked him about Patrick there was a long silence from the other side of the line. It took a long time until the chief managed to tell Kim that Patrick and his team were missing, and no one was able to communicate with them. Kim could not believe what she was hearing, she felt like her whole world was coming apart. She dropped the phone and blankly stared at her favorite picture of Patrick and started crying. As the days were going by, there was no sign of Patrick and his team. The only sure thing was that they could not be dead because they found the firefighting truck a few miles off the gradient off the fire and no bodies were found by there. Kim was devastated and didnt know what to do. She didnt feel like doing anything and even when her friends tried to comfort her she didnt listen to them. The days were going by faster and faster and there was no sign of Patrick and his team for over a week now. It was New Years Eve, and her friends didnt want her to be home by herself so they asked her to come to a dinner party with them. She didnt want to go, but they kept insisting and told her that Patrick would have wanted her to go. So she finally gave in. Her friends picked her up, and she felt like she was floating amongst srangers that they really didnt know the pain she felt. Kim felt that once the clock ticked twelve all hope for Patrick was gone. In her mind she felt that there was no way that she would see him again. The time was 11:59 and it was almost midnight. Everyone was getting ready to welcome the New Year. The lights were now turned off, and everyone was really quiet except for the big slam of the door that surprised everyone. As the clock turned twelve Kim felt someone tap on her shoulder. She turned around, and there was Patrick whispering Happy New Year in her ear.