Multinational Corporation and Country Nationals Free Essays

string(34) duty regarding the business. In the ongoing decade, global human asset the board (IHRM) experienced gigantic research development because of the expansion number of associations started to broaden their organizations into abroad markets. Worldwide Corporation (MNC) is the term used to depict a business with abroad activity. A portion of the primary purposes behind the development of enthusiasm for IHRM are: 1) the quantity of MNC has expanded with fast development of worldwide rivalry which brought about expanded versatility of human asset. We will compose a custom paper test on Global Corporation and Country Nationals or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now 2) Effective HRM methodology has been perceived as determinant of achievement or disappointment of association. ) It is progressively hard to practice control and execution of corporate procedure over remote auxiliaries with various culture and foundation. (Fernando, 2006)In this article, we will examine the distinction among worldwide and household human asset the board and the difficulties that association confronted while choosing, creating, persuading and keeping up the workers for the abroad task and how these issues will influence the system of the association. At long last, the article will presume that IHRM is intricate, troublesome and basic to worldwide business achievement. Stone, 2008) It faces a great deal of difficulties when contrasted with household human asset the board for the most part because of the geographic scattering and multiculturalism. Characterizing International Human Resource Management (IHRM) There is no accord about what the term IHRM covers albeit most examinations in the zone have generally centered around the territory of exile (Brewster and Harris, 1999). Taylor et al. (1996) characterize IHRM as a scope of individuals the board capacities, procedures and exercises which include thought of more than one national context.Difference between Domestic Human Resource Management and International Human Resouce Management IHRM has comparable human asset exercises as local human asset the board aside from that it is at a worldwide level. Whether or not they are explicit to one or a few nations, the outside limitations, for example, political, lawful, financial and social can essentially impact the manner in which HR capacities are done and the HR chief should get ready for the HR, do obtaining for the ideal individuals in the correct number at the opportune time, prepare and create, aintain and inspire the workers. As expressed by Dowling and Welch (2005), the complexities of working in various nations and utilizing diverse national classifications of laborers are a key variable that separates local and worldwide HRM. Residential HRM included representatives inside just a single national limit while IHRM manages three national or nation classes: the parent nation where the firm is typically headquartered; the host nation where an auxiliary might be found; and different nations which might be the wellspring of work, money or research and development.In expansion, there are three kinds of workers of a global firm: pare nt-nation nationals (PCNs); have nation nationals (HCNs) and third-nation nationals (TCNs) (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). Dowling (1988) contends that the intricacy of global HRM can be credited to six factors, for example, more HR exercises; the requirement for a more extensive point of view; greater association in employees’ individual lives; change in accentuation as the workforce blend of ostracizes and local people fluctuates; hazard introduction and more extensive outside influences.Types of representatives Managers can be recruited three sorts of representatives: parent nation nationals; have nation nationals and third nation nationals. Parent nation nationals (PCNs) are occupants of the global business headquarter who are moved to one of its abroad tasks. Despite the fact that interchanges and coordination with base camp is ordinarily encouraged when PCNs are utilized since they share a typical culture and training foundation with headquarter however the quantity of PCNs utilized in an association is limited.This is because of the significant expense in moving and keeping up them in have nation and the absence of information on nearby laws, culture, monetary conditions, social structure and political procedures. Host nation nationals (HCNs) are occupants of the host nation and are the most widely recognized decision of mid-level and lower-level occupation. Utilizing HCNs is famous in light of the fact that they know about nearby laws, culture and monetary. Despite the fact that HCNs might be less expensive than PCNs yet HCNs may not be acquainted with the firm’s corporate culture nor its business practices.Third nation nationals (TCNs) are residents of neither the headquarter nor of the host nation. They are destined to be util ize in upper-level or specialized positions. Exile Expatriates are individuals working and dwelling in nations other than their local nation. TCNs and PCNs are on the whole known as ostracizes. Association as a rule takes incredible consideration in choosing exile as significant jobs are typically doled out to them and the expense of moving incorrectly individual abroad is huge. It is known as exile disappointment when the ostracize return homes before the task is completed.The cost of disappointment would bring about immediate and backhanded expense to the associations and the ostracize. The backhanded expenses are more enthusiastically to measure in cash terms and it incorporates making the association lose its piece of the overall industry and ostracize may lose confidence. Dowling Welch (2005) had presumed that components directing execution would include: life partner/accomplice disappointment; powerlessness to adjust; troubles with family modification in the new area; culture and language challenges. RecruitmentRecruiting and afterward conveying individuals to situate where they can perform successfully is an objective of most associations whether household or worldwide. Enrollment in worldwide setting is no simple activity. Cross-national contrasts in work esteems impact how appealing a firm is seen to be inside some random culture since what people need from a business may differ across culture. (Caligiuri, Lepak Bonache, 2010) Therefore, organizations ought to embrace various arrangements of determination practice and enrollment message dependent on the way of life of the nation they are recruiting.In MNCs, most positions are filled by HCNs as it is less expensive than employing exile and they are progressively acquainted with the nearby culture, financial aspects and business condition. In any case, it is as yet regular to utilize ostracize in the board job since they would be advised to comprehension of the way of life and business foundation. Exile determination is substant ially more troublesome than residential choice. The HR supervisor may have tough screening process as these exile will be for the most part being utilize in the executives level that has more prominent duty regarding the business. You read Worldwide Corporation and Country Nationals in class PapersTherefore, just experienced applicants will be chosen for abroad task. Then again, up-and-comers are turning out to be progressively specific in regards to their decision of abroad task making it increasingly hard for exile to be utilized. Determination is frequently directed through supervisor’s meeting of competitors. With exile being utilized in the board job could imply that they are the ones talking the HCNs. For this situation, it would be particularly testing as practices might be deciphered through a social focal point and unintended derivations might be made.Caligiuri, Lepak Bonache (2010) had presumed that firm that commits an opportunity to respond to the vital inquiries regarding worker abilities all inclusive †an d, thusly, adequately chooses for them inside the different nations where it works †includes an upper hand inside its worldwide workforce for executing worldwide business system. Preparing and Development The target of preparing and improvement is to encourage learning among the authoritative individuals and to create advanced and progressively proficient laborers, who, thus, can upgrade hierarchical seriousness and effectiveness.As contrasted with local association, worldwide association faces various exceptional difficulties in preparing and creating capacity. This is because of that worldwide firms vary in their activities from those of local firms as far as geographic scattering and multiculturalism. (Adler, 2002) It might be troublesome when interpreting preparing material; in this way it is essential to comprehend the significance of affectability to neighborhood language and culture. Sims (2002) states that how individuals learn and the strategies for preparing with which they are agreeable fluctuate across cultures.In request to make progress in oversea task, it is critical to prepare the representatives dependent on the financial matters and practice s of remote nations. Dessler G. (2008), presumed that abroad competitor required exceptional preparing like concentrating on the effect of social contrasts, gives verifiable information about the objective nation and gives ability working in zones like language and change and adjustment aptitudes. It is testing when come to structuring preparing and advancement programs for global organization. A remarkable preparing program for every auxiliary is required dependent on the nation language and culture.Performance Management Performance Management (PM) is a key HRM process that empowers the quick manager to assess the employee’s work execution and commitment towards the organization’s objectives and awards as results of execution assessment or evaluation. Preparing and advancement plan can be gotten from PM to upgrade the exhibition of the representatives. As is expressed by Armstrong (1994), PM includes the connections to authoritative system, defining singular execution objectives, giving customary in put on progress towards th

Contradictions of War in the Things They Carried/Real Life

Alison Schiffner Contradictions of war 10/20/12 To the vast majority war is a way that we settle debates with different countries, yet they don’t completely comprehend the mind boggling subtleties that accompany it. Its not just about the firearms, gernades and tanks, it brings out various parts of troopers characters and I think ought to be increasingly centered around the hardships that individual and gatherings of officers persevere. The terrible circumstances that warriors experience can cause various sorts of moves that they would make since war is contradictory.Soldiers experience inconceivable pressure that can cause them to seem frail or solid. Which is the greatest logical inconsistency that war presents; war makes you solid and war makes you powerless. There are various models which can without much of a stretch be found in the book The things they conveyed by Tim O’brien. Two stories that show it best are â€Å"the man I killed† and â€Å"speaking of mental fortitude. † Looking back through history likewise farther advances the thought, similar to when America made the nuclear bomb, and began a draft.Tim O’brian was a fighter in the **** he was youthful and didn’t need to do battle, yet he needed to. During his term he executed a youthful vietnemese warrior, despite the fact that that’s what he was sent there to do, his benevolent heart couldn’t pardon himself for accomplishing something so horrendous. His gut mistrict to toss the explosive invigorated him, on the grounds that tossing something at somebody with the purpose to slaughter somebody is something that lion's share of individuals won't have the option to finish with.This eruption of fortitude invigorated him the to spare his life. In any case, after he murdered him and the adrenalin dispersed in his veins he got powerless. This is shown by the discourse, which on his part was totally missing. Kiowa went through six hours revealing to h im he made the best decision and they expected to move out, yet Tim stayed there gazing at the body inert. It shows that seeing a dead body alone was a lot for him to deal with. To his company he showed up inadequit.Individual warriors are remarkable exhibitions of the logical inconsistency, glancing back at history and the military force in general builds up the irregularity similarly also. America delivered the most grounded fire power that the world has ever observed while making the nuclear bomb which its sheer force was sufficient to clear out an entire city in one blow. The quality that America acquired from the bomb was not seen until after the utilization, yet in any event, during the creation dread of American had been extraordinarily expanding. In spite of the fact that our Amunition was choice.

Tobacco in the New World essays

Tobacco in the New World expositions At the point when tobacco was first acquainted with the New World in the mid 1600s, no one could have envisioned the huge effect that it would before long have on the Virginia settlement by the 1660s. Truth be told, Virginia flourished around tobacco, as it before long turned into the colonys methods for bringing in cash. Virginia not just got subject to tobacco, it turned out to be excessively reliant (Morgan 185). No ifs, ands or buts, Virginia was a cash hungry province that needed to get rich quick. Toward the start with tobacco, this was conceivable on the grounds that they would transport the tobacco to London, where they would get an enormous return. Virginians started to make bigger tobacco estates, accepting that they would get more cash-flow. Rather the measure of tobacco that was created by the state was enormous to such an extent that the grower needed to sell for half or less (Morgan 185) of what he got in the past in view of the huge flexibly. Until Virginia would start to plant various harvests and make the most out of the land accessible, it would come up short. This was an issue for Virginia on the grounds that as opposed to creating more yields in the land, tobacco stayed to be their possibly type of pay until the 1660s when William Berkeley came into the image. Up to that point tobacco was utilized as cash for a few, and even used to buy obligated workers, another result of th e immense measure of tobacco in the land. The principal obligated workers were brought to Virginia in 1619, as a result of tobacco. In the wake of perceiving the amount more tobacco Virginia could create with the contracted hirelings, an exceptionally enormous measure of blacks were brought into Virginia. A difficult that emerged in view of obligated hirelings was that the workers turned out to be free men following seven years of work, and afterward became furious rivalry in the tobacco showcase for the white grower. Pilgrims concluded that it is less expensive to get rid of obligated workers, and rather get slaves who might not require installments, and furthermore be t... <!

The Historic Olmec City of San Lorenzo

The Historic Olmec City of San Lorenzo The Olmec culture flourished along Mexico’s Gulf coast from about 1200 B.C. to 400 B.C. One of the most significant archeological destinations related with this culture is known as San Lorenzo. Once, there was an incredible city there. Its unique name has been lost to time. Considered by certain archeologists to be the principal genuine Mesoamerican city, San Lorenzo was a significant focal point of Olmec trade, religion, and political force during its prime. Area San Lorenzo is situated in Veracruz State, around 38 miles (60km) from the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmecs couldn't have chosen a superior site to manufacture their first extraordinary city. The site was initially a huge island in the Coatzacoalcos River, despite the fact that the course of the stream has since changed and now just streams past one side of the site. The island highlighted a focal edge, sufficiently high to get away from any flooding. The floodplains along the waterway were prolific. The area is near wellsprings of stone which were utilized for making figures and structures. Between the stream on either side and the high focal edge, the site was effortlessly shielded from adversary assault. Control of San Lorenzo San Lorenzo was first involved around 1500 B.C., making it probably the most established site in the Americas. It was home to three early settlements, alluded to as the Ojochã ­ (1500-1350 B.C.), the Bajã ­o (1350-1250 B.C.), and the Chichrras (1250-1150 B.C.). These three societies are considered pre-Olmec and are to a great extent recognized by earthenware types. The Chicharrs time frame starts to show attributes later distinguished as Olmec. The city arrived at its top in the period from 1150 to 900 B.C. prior to falling into decay. This is alluded to as the San Lorenzo time. There may have been somewhere in the range of 13,000 occupants at San Lorenzo during the tallness of its capacity (Ciphers). The city at that point went into decay and went into the Nacaste time frame from 900 to 700 B.C. The Nacaste didn't have the right stuff of their ancestors and included little in the method of workmanship and culture. The site was deserted for certain years before the Palangana time ( 600-400 B.C.). These later occupants contributed some little hills and a ball court. The site was then deserted for over a thousand years before it was re-involved during the Late Classic period of Mesoamerican development, yet the city never recaptured its previous wonder. The Archeological Site San Lorenzo is a rambling site which incorporates not just the one-time city of San Lorenzo yet a few littler towns and horticultural settlements that were constrained by the city. There were significant optional settlements at Loma del Zapote, where the waterway forked toward the south of the city, and El Remolino, where the waters re-met toward the north. The most significant area of the site is on the edge, where the respectability and minister classes lived. The western side of the edge is referred to as the â€Å"royal compound,† as it was home to the decision class. This zone has yielded a fortune trove of curios, especially forms. The vestiges of a significant structure, the â€Å"red palace,† are likewise found there. Different features incorporate a water channel, fascinating landmarks spread around the site, and a few counterfeit pits known as â€Å"lagunas,† the reason for which is as yet muddled. Stonework Next to no of Olmec culture has made due to the current day. The atmosphere of the hot swamps where they lived has pulverized any books, entombment destinations, and things of material or wood. The most significant leftovers of the Olmec culture are in this way design and model. Luckily for descendants, the Olmec were gifted stonemasons. They were fit for shipping enormous models and squares of stone for brick work for separations of as much as 60 kilometers (37 miles). The stones were most likely drifted almost on tough pontoons. The reservoir conduit at San Lorenzo is a perfect work of art of commonsense building. Several comparatively cut basalt troughs and spreads weighing numerous tons were spread out so as to advance the progression of water to its goal, which was a duck-molded reservoir assigned Monument 9 by archeologists. Model The Olmec were incredible specialists and the most astounding component of San Lorenzo is without a doubt the few dozen figures that have been found at the site and close by optional locales like Loma del Zapote. The Olmec were well known for their itemized models of titanic heads. Ten of these heads have been found at San Lorenzo. The biggest of them is about ten feet tall. These monstrous stone heads are accepted to delineate rulers. At close by Loma del Zapote, two finely etched, about indistinguishable twins face two pumas. There are likewise a few huge stone positions of royalty at the site. With everything taken into account, many figures have been found in and around San Lorenzo. A portion of the sculptures were cut out of before works. Archeologists accept that the sculptures were utilized as components in scenes with strict or political importance. The pieces would be difficultly moved around to make various scenes. Legislative issues San Lorenzo was a ground-breaking political focus. As one of the principal Mesoamerican urban areas - if not the first - it didn't have genuine contemporary opponents and controlled over a huge region. In the prompt environs, archeologists have found numerous little settlements and homes, for the most part situated on peaks. The littler settlements were likely administered by individuals or arrangements of the regal family. Littler figures have been found at these fringe settlements, proposing that they were sent there from San Lorenzo as a type of social or strict control. These littler destinations were utilized in the creation of food and different assets and were of vital use militarily. The regal family administered this little realm from the statures of San Lorenzo. Decay and Importance Regardless of its promising beginning, San Lorenzo fell into steep decay and by 900 B. C. was a sorry excuse for its previous self. The city would be relinquished a couple of ages later. Archeologists don't generally have the foggiest idea why San Lorenzos greatness blurred so not long after its exemplary time. There are a couple of signs, in any case. Huge numbers of the later models were cut out of before ones, and some are just half-finished. This recommends maybe rival urban communities or clans came to control the open country, making the securing of new stone troublesome. Another conceivable clarification is that if the populace some way or another declined, there would be deficient labor to quarry and transport new material. The time around 900 B.C. is additionally verifiably connected to some climatic changes, which could well have antagonistically influenced San Lorenzo. As a moderately crude, creating society, the individuals of San Lorenzo remained alive on a bunch of center harvests, chasing, and angling. An unexpected change in atmosphere could influence these harvests, just as the close by natural life. San Lorenzo, while not a tremendous spot for guests like Chichã ©n Itz or Palenque, is all things considered a critical authentic city and archeological site. The Olmec is the parent culture of those which came later in Mesoamerica, including the Maya and Aztecs. All things considered, any knowledge picked up from the most punctual significant city is of incalculable social and verifiable worth. Tragically the city has been assaulted by bandits and numerous extremely valuable antiques have been lost or rendered valueless by being expelled from their place of starting point. It is conceivable to visit the verifiable site, albeit a large number of the figures are at present found somewhere else, for example, the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology and the Xalapa Anthropology Museum. Sources Coe, Michael D. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. Antiquated Peoples and Places, Rex Koontz, seventh Edition, Thames Hudson, June 14, 2013. Figures, Ann. San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologã ­a Mexicana, No. 87, 2019. Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. Antiquated Peoples Places, Hardcover, Thames Hudson, December 31, 2004.

Emotional Intelligence The Key to Career Development - Free Essay Example

Intelligence doesn’t mean that someone is simply â€Å"smart.† It does not mean that someone is intelligent if they have a high IQ or gets straight A’s on their report card. It also does not mean that someone with intelligence can do all things well. There is more to intelligence than what our society has portrayed it to be over the years. Myers DeWall (2017) define intelligence as having the â€Å"ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations (p. 238).† There are several components to intelligence mentioned in the definition that goes above and beyond what grades someone makes in school. To be intelligent you need the ability to learn from your experiences, use problem-solving skills, and apply your knowledge to adapt to your environment and circumstances. Rather than the regurgitation of facts and figures, true intelligence would reflect that there is deeper comprehension where connections are made and concepts have been applied to other aspects of life. Memorizing the medical terminology in Anatomy and Physiology class is one thing, it is another to be able to see how everything works together to understand functional and dysfunctional movement. Many might agree with the definition of intelligence but determining which theory of intelligence is more appropriate has become controversial. There are several theories of intelligence that are debated in psychology (and in Compass Honors High School PSYC 101 class). It originated with Charles Spearman’s theory of general intelligence (g) and then it developed over time with Howard Gardner’s theory about multiple intelligences, Robert Sternberg’s incorporation of creativity, and the concept of social or emotional intelligence. Every theory has is its fans as well as its naysayers depending on each’s perspectives of intelligence. However, cognitive psychologists are looking for answers to questions regarding one general ability or multiple abilities, how intellig ence should be measured (or can it be measured), and which one is more valuable for success. Types of Intelligence General IntelligenceCharles Spearman believed that people have a general intelligence (g) that can be measured on an intelligence test. The theory is that someone who has a high score in one area will have a high score in other areas. This is based on factor analysis, a statistical tool that searches for clusters of related data. Biologically speaking, general intelligence is like the concept of numerous neural networks in the brain that work together to enable our abilities to perform as a whole (Myers DeWall, 2017). A familiar assessment for general intelligence is the IQ test. A criticism is that humans are complex and a general intelligence test is too simplistic. It is also argued that the IQ test is formatted without considering ethnicity, culture, and gender. Multiple Intelligences In opposition to the theory of general intelligence, Howard Gardner theorized that people have multiple intelligences rather than an overall intelligence. Individuals’ aptitudes are measured by eight (now nine) areas that are independent within themselves: naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical/rhythmic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and existential (Myers DeWall, 2017). If someone is high or low in one area, it does not mean that they will be the same in the other areas. It also does not give an indication of the individual’s overall intelligence. For example, if an individual has a high level of spatial skills, it does not automatically mean that they will have a high level of logical, kinesthetic, musical, etc. Each individual has their specialty (ie. a professional athlete has a high level of kinesthetic intelligence). Just like general intelligence, multiple intelligence can be measured by taking an assessment. It survey s interests and abilities towards each intelligence area. Criticisms towards multiple intelligence is that it measures abilities which to some is not considered an intelligence. Also, there is a â€Å"chicken or the egg† argument. Is someone high in musical intelligence because that is a natural ability or is it because it is something that they have worked on for years? Or one might argue that it does not matter which comes first, the individual is still exhibiting musical intelligence.CreativityCreativity is another type of intelligence that incorporates aptitude with the ability to produce new and valuable ideas (Myers DeWall, 2017). In other words, having creativity means that you can think outside the box; to not be limited by specific paradigms or traditional ways of doing things. The intelligence of creativity is not how crafty or artistic an individual might be (though a creative person might be those things). Instead, there are five characteristics that measure creativity: expertise (having a solid knowledge base), imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and holding a creative environment (Myers DeWall, 2017). A criticism for considering creativity as an intelligence is that it is difficult to measure unlike general intelligence and multiple intelligences. Also, creativity is considered to be more subjective rather than objective. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI or EQ) is the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions (Myers DeWall, 2017). It is considered to be more of a social intelligence rather than an achievement or aptitude but yet it is still seen as a necessity for life success especially in the workplace and in relationships. Emotional intelligence measurements can indicate overall EI as well as the following components of EI: Perceive (recognize emotions in faces, music and stories), Understand (predict emotions, how they change and blend), Manage (express emotions in different situations), and Use (utilize emotions to adapt or be creative) (Ahmad, 2009). An individual can be high or low in each of the components. Measurement of each component will inform the individual which area is a strength and which area is a challenge. It should be noted that some measurements are self-reported so the scores would depend on the individual’s own perspective on the EI components. One might think that they are good at reading emotions but in reality they are not. Another aspect to be mindful of in regards to measuring EI is the motivation or intent of an individual’s emotional regulation. Before judging whether someone has or is lacking in EI, one must understand that the context of the situation might differ their EI use. For example, if a worker dislikes his/her coworker, they may not be as motivated to use their EI to handle conflict or manage their interactions. However, the worker may be more likely to use EI when interacting with their boss since his/her opinion is more important in keeping their job. Factors in Emotional Intelligence Biologically, studies have found that there are specific parts of the brain that are linked to emotional intelligence. Pan, et al. (2014) found that the specific regions of the brain that are involved with this social and emotional information processing include the areas involved with understanding and controlling emotions such as the superior orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum. Karle, et al. (2018) studied the facial expressions and voice modulations which are an important part of communicating and interpreting emotions. They found that there was cerebral processing in the limbic emotion-processing areas. Therefore, it can be assumed that part of how well someone uses the EI components may be due to neurological development, or lack thereof. Individuals with disorders such as Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be ones that are more challenged by emotional intelligence due to their atypical neurological development. For example, individuals with ASD are lower in areas where they express their emotions and can have empathy (Gokcen, Petrides, Hudry, Fredrickson, Smillie, 2014). Numerous studies have been done regarding the different environmental factors that contribute to emotional intelligence. For instance, researchers have looked at gender, culture, and socioeconomic status. A study done by Akbar, Shah, Khan, Akhter, and Riaz (2011) resulted in finding five different factors of EI (birth order, literacy, location, socio-economic status, and gender). The results showed that: first born students scored high on EI, students with literate parents scored high on EI, students from urban areas scored high on EI, students from upper socio-economic status scored high on EI as compared to students from lower socio-economic status, and female students scored high on EI.The previous study was supported when Naik (2014) found that socio-economic status significantly affects emotional intelligence. More specifically, students who are part of the upper socio-economic status have higher EI than middle and lower socioeconomic status students. The study found though that there were no significant relationships between gender and EI. Interestingly, one study did find differences in gender but was able to distinguish between emotional intelligence components. Salami (2010) discovered that females were better at â€Å"emotions appraisal† and â€Å"use of emotions† whereas males were better at â€Å"use of emotions† and â€Å"regulation of emotions.† The researcher attributed the differences to societal expectations of how men and women should and should not handle emotions. In regards to culture, Shao, Doucet, and Caruso (2014) found which emotional intelligence components were more universal versus cultural specific. Emotion perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation were both universal and culture-specific. Additionally, emotion perception was the most universal domain of emotional intelligence and emotion understanding and emotion regulation were the more culture-specific. For exa mple, research found differences between South Korean and Chinese students in regards to emotional intelligence. Chinese students were better at perceiving and regulating their own emotions and assessing others’ emotions than the South Korean students (Jiang, 2014). This difference was contributed to the cultures’ response to uncertainty, China being more accepting and South Korea being more avoidant. Another example regarding culture affecting emotional intelligence is the difference between a collectivist culture and an individualistic culture. It was found that cultures with higher collectivist orientation were more likely to have better EI (Bhullar, Schutte, Malouff, 2012). In this particular study, the researchers used India as the sample for a collectivist culture and Australia as the sample for an individualistic culture. Emotional Intelligence and Career Development It is presumed that emotional intelligence is a tool to manage one’s life and to use it to create the person’s reality in regards to how they interact with others as well as themselves. One of the most significant aspects of managing life is in regards to making a decision about one’s career, therefore, emotional intelligence is key to successful career development. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between high levels of emotional intelligence and higher career decision-making self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the confidence in your ability to carry out a task (Dubrin, 2017); therefore, career decision-making self-efficacy is an individual’s confidence in their ability to make a decision about their career. Salami (2010) found that having a high ability to perceive emotions, use emotions, understand emotions aids in successfully completing career-related tasks. Jiang (2014) found that college students with increasing EI had more confidence in making decisions about their career because they were able to evaluate and manage their own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Furthermore, the study found that understanding of emotions was the strongest EI factor affecting career-making self-efficacy. Another study confirmed that people who are better able to understand and manage their own emotions would be more likely to predict the emotional consequences of a potential career choice (Afzal, Atta, Shujja, 2013).Since emotional intelligence is foundational for career development, it is important for educators and career counselors to incorporate EI in school. Salami (2010) suggests that counseling psychologists should consider teaching students how to regulate emotion and the use of feelings to motivate, plan and achieve their career goals. Students need to learn that emotions, negative and positive, can be tools to support the decision making processes that they will encounter. Since this type of education has been found valuable, schools need to find formal programs to assist them in adding EI into their classes. Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence has developed such a program to help students grow in their EI. The program is called RULER (recognizing, understanding, labeling, expressing, and regulating emotions) for all the components within emotional intelligence. Since this author is a College Career Counselor at a high school, a program like RULER would be highly beneficial in promoting post-secondary success. RULER has created secondary student curriculum that promotes to help students build greater self-awareness, build a vision and set goals, identify strengths and challenges, engage in self-reflective practices, and learn how to achieve their goals (Nathanson, Rivers, Flynn, Brackett, 2016). However, one thing to consider in teaching students about emotional intelligence, is thatit can be used as a tool to manipulate others. With understanding of emotions within oneself and in others, there is the opportunity for individuals to abuse that knowledge. With the popularity of emotional intelligence increasing, there has been research coming out regarding this so-called â€Å"dark side† of EI. One study found that high levels of EI were significantly related to emotional manipulation for both males and females (Grieve Panebianco, 2013). The study looked at factors such as psychopathy, social skills, aggression, empathy, and self-serving cognitive distortions. The combination of factors for manipulation were different depending on whether the individuals were male or female. Another study compared other factors such as delinquency, Machiavellian Tactics, behaviors like inauthenticity and concealing, as well as managing emotions of others. Bacon and Regan (2016) found t hat high-EI females reported higher levels of delinquency, high levels of Machiavellian Tactics, and high levels of prosocial enhancing and diverting behaviors, as well as inauthentic and concealing social behaviors. For males, they found that high-EI males reported generally low levels of delinquency with high levels of managing emotions of others behavior and low levels of non-prosocial behaviors, concealing and inauthenticity. Needless to say, with the variety of factors involved, more research needs to be done regarding the negative effects of EI. This is especially important since so many schools are incorporating and promoting the benefits of high EI. Schools should not be found negligent in educating students about emotional intelligence but there should also be measures in place for monitoring students that fit the profiles of emotional control, delinquency, narcissism, and psychopathy. An easy addition for schools in regards to bullying behaviors, harassment, and victimization is to consider the components of emotional intelligence in the handling of these incidents. With that said, another concern regarding the ethics of emotional intelligence is the tendency to regulate and monitor peoples’ emotions. A formal EI program can end up arming people with the tools to judge emotions, demand conformity, and expect adherence to inflexible protocols. Neophytou (2013) believes that EI is â€Å"shaped through a bipolar context and discourse of inclusion and exclusion where ‘positive’ emotions are welcomed and ‘negative’ emotions are banned and considered as deficits (p. 148).† The caution is for educators to not shame students on their lack of EI but to consider the context of the situation, the culture and generation in which the student is raised in, the character of the student, and to focus on the purpose of educating and growing these skills. Educators also need to be taught that there should not be a label of negative or positive emotions, or ones that you should or should not feel, but rather teaching and mod eling how to understand and manage the emotion regardless of the worth one puts on it. For example, Kristjansson (2006) states that the â€Å"aim should not invariably be to cool down anger or extinguish it, but rather to experience it in the right proportion, at the right time (p. 48)† and use it in a constructive manner. Therefore, it would be wise for counselors to train teachers before implementing an EI program in the classroom. Teachers should have a foundational psychological understanding of emotions, how they work, and how to articulate it back to students. Administration cannot assume that teachers have an understanding of EI and have the confidence to teach the students about a multi-layered concept. In conclusion, regardless of the controversy about what is considered intelligence, there is plenty of research that shows that a key importance to career decision-making self-efficacy is related to emotional intelligence. It is this author’s job and passion to help prepare students for their post-secondary journey. Therefore, it would befit the author to include emotional intelligence into the other set of tools already being used for career development. For example, there is a five step process proposed by Liptak (as cited by Gliebe, 2012) for students to be able to use emotional intelligence for career purposes: First, students must understand why emotional intelligence is important; second, students must identify EI skill deficits in themselves; third, students must comprehend how these deficits hinder career development; fourth, students must be taught to use EI skills effectively; lastly, students must be given the opportunity to practice EI skills. A process like this can be used to organize curriculum to meet the objectives of the College Career Development program.

High Fashion and Street Style Essay - 1100 Words

High Fashion and Street Style (Essay Sample) Content: High Fashion and Street StyleNameInstitutionCourseProfessorJanuary 22, 2015 High Fashion and Street StyleHaute couture - fashion on the runway, fashion created by top designers, fashion promoted by cultural institutions like mainstream cinema can influence street fashionClothing industry is the oldest industry in the world. However, clothing and fashion designs underwent several transformations according to changes in political line, religious, economic forces, and social (Thomas Veysset, 2013). The pattern of cloth design has changed in a rapid stage since from the 1900. Haute couture- fashion on the runway, fashion created by top designers, fashion promoted by cultural institutions like mainstream cinema can influence street fashion in many ways (Thomas Veysset, 2013). Starting with the era of haute couture to hot pants, glamour to grunge, the last fifty years ago the world has experienced fashion revolution. The studies shows that, not only the street and mains tream cinema that influence the designer but also, the current trend in the clothing industry within the cultural and social context. Valerie Steele analyses impacts of fashion mostly in Christian custom. Valerie states that, fashion was influenced by the anxieties and sexual politics that was associated with the world war. Additionally, cloth fashion design was a phenomenon that confronted the gender stereotype (Thomas Veysset, 2013). For instance, most of women in the streets and mainstream cinema used to wore different fashion from other women, although the type of work mostly was influenced by change in economy. Most of the clothes used were like Calvin jeans and short skirts (micro miniskirts). However, the trend streamed up to 21st century with the fashion changing from miniskirt to trouser. Many street and cinema women today do not bother about their nakedness nonetheless, they prefer money first. Fashion designs therefore, have become a disease in many streets in the citi es, because the sexual immoralities have increased in furiously pattern (Thomas Veysset, 2013). Sexual transmitted disease also has increased because of fashion designs. Street style, the unique ways average folks wear their street clothes can influence high fashionThe unique ways average folks wear their street clothes can influence high fashion design in different ways. For instance, the traditional clothe industry has diminished since the folks fashions was introduced in the market (Menkes, 2011). Long clothes are no longer in use because most of the folks prefer supreme expression and modernizing fashion for new look (Menkes, 2011). However, the value and desirability of these fashions has increased questions related to the cultural and moral decay in the society (Menkes, 2011). Most of folks cloth designs lack respect identity although their clothes are designed in order to attract and welcome men to their work. Thus, these clothes have negatively influence the high quality o f cloth fashion because they lack dignity from the suited person (Menkes, 2011). On the other hand, the artist has motivated high fashion cloth style. Most of artists and celebrities like to b... High Fashion and Street Style Essay - 1100 Words High Fashion and Street Style (Essay Sample) Content: High Fashion and Street StyleNameInstitutionCourseProfessorJanuary 22, 2015 High Fashion and Street StyleHaute couture - fashion on the runway, fashion created by top designers, fashion promoted by cultural institutions like mainstream cinema can influence street fashionClothing industry is the oldest industry in the world. However, clothing and fashion designs underwent several transformations according to changes in political line, religious, economic forces, and social (Thomas Veysset, 2013). The pattern of cloth design has changed in a rapid stage since from the 1900. Haute couture- fashion on the runway, fashion created by top designers, fashion promoted by cultural institutions like mainstream cinema can influence street fashion in many ways (Thomas Veysset, 2013). Starting with the era of haute couture to hot pants, glamour to grunge, the last fifty years ago the world has experienced fashion revolution. The studies shows that, not only the street and mains tream cinema that influence the designer but also, the current trend in the clothing industry within the cultural and social context. Valerie Steele analyses impacts of fashion mostly in Christian custom. Valerie states that, fashion was influenced by the anxieties and sexual politics that was associated with the world war. Additionally, cloth fashion design was a phenomenon that confronted the gender stereotype (Thomas Veysset, 2013). For instance, most of women in the streets and mainstream cinema used to wore different fashion from other women, although the type of work mostly was influenced by change in economy. Most of the clothes used were like Calvin jeans and short skirts (micro miniskirts). However, the trend streamed up to 21st century with the fashion changing from miniskirt to trouser. Many street and cinema women today do not bother about their nakedness nonetheless, they prefer money first. Fashion designs therefore, have become a disease in many streets in the citi es, because the sexual immoralities have increased in furiously pattern (Thomas Veysset, 2013). Sexual transmitted disease also has increased because of fashion designs. Street style, the unique ways average folks wear their street clothes can influence high fashionThe unique ways average folks wear their street clothes can influence high fashion design in different ways. For instance, the traditional clothe industry has diminished since the folks fashions was introduced in the market (Menkes, 2011). Long clothes are no longer in use because most of the folks prefer supreme expression and modernizing fashion for new look (Menkes, 2011). However, the value and desirability of these fashions has increased questions related to the cultural and moral decay in the society (Menkes, 2011). Most of folks cloth designs lack respect identity although their clothes are designed in order to attract and welcome men to their work. Thus, these clothes have negatively influence the high quality o f cloth fashion because they lack dignity from the suited person (Menkes, 2011). On the other hand, the artist has motivated high fashion cloth style. Most of artists and celebrities like to b...

Catcher in the Rye Word Choice - 795 Words

Word Choice in The Catcher in the Rye By Tom Condon Word choice is a crucial element in a well-crafted story. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a 16-year-old in New York in the 1950s named Holden Caulfield. The book is about his exploration in the world as he suffers from severe mental trauma from his point of view. J.D. Salinger uses word choice for realism, theme, and depth of character to make the story relate to the reader and add dimension. The Catcher in Rye contains many distinct characters, and the dialogue and inner thought are crucial in the reader’s view of them. The word choice is one of the key components in displaying the character’s personality, and makes them into a round character. Holden is the†¦show more content†¦The things people say are directly related to their personality, and the book touches on that with their diction showing who they are as people. There are many elements in The Catcher in the Rye that are worth analyzing, but word choice stands out due to its importanc e in making the story so well written. Word choice is a key part of revealing character, making the story seem realistic, and making themes identifiable. The words that are said are all deep in meaning which help the storys dimension. It improves the story drastically. Half of the books charm comes from how Holden describes things in his life. That just goes to show how much of a part wording comes into play in making The Catcher in the Rye such a classicShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper proposes to delineate the characteristics of Holden Caulfield, the adolescent protagonist hero of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and illuminate the reasons as to why this prototype of brooding adolescence, displaying a rather uber-cool style of disaffection, disenchantment and disillusionment became an indispensable figure of interest, in literary circles as well as popular culture. The paper seeks to take issue with the wider dimensions attached to the ‘incapacitation and debilitation’Read Morethe catcher in the rye ENG15011013 Words   |  5 Pages(ENG1501) Unique Number: 842634 Assignment 2: Fiction, Literary Criticism and Drama. Question (b): Introduction to English Literary Studies Topic(i): The Catcher in the Rye Instruction First read the third chapter of Introduction to English Literary Studies (â€Å"The Novel†). Then go to p. 102 and answer the questions on The Catcher in the Rye under the heading â€Å"Time to Write†. Task Write a list of things that Holden says in the first paragraph of the novel and on pages 5-6 that strike you asRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Catcher In The Rye And The Sun957 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many differences found between the protagonists of The Catcher in the Rye and The Sun is also a Star, that give readers further insight on each character. A major distinction between Holden Caulfield,the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and Natasha Kingsley, the protagonist of The Sun is also a Star, by Nicola Yoon, is the mental stability between both characters. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s mental stability weakens as the novel progresses, and readersRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead More J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye1435 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper proposes to delineate the characteristics of Holden Caulfield, the adolescent protagonist hero of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and illuminate the reasons as to why this prototype of brooding adolescence, displaying a rather uber-cool style of disaffection, disenchantment and disillusionment became an indispensable figure of interest, in literary circles as well as popular culture. The paper seeks to take issue wi th the wider dimensions attached to the ‘incapacitation and debilitation’Read MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a novel by J.D. Salinger. It is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a cynical teenager who recently got expelled from his fourth school. Though Holden is the narrator and main character of the story, the focus of Salinger’s tale is not on Caulfield, but of the world in which we live. The Catcher in the Rye is an insatiable account of the realities we face daily seen through the eyes of a bright young man whose visions of the world are painfully truthful, if not a bit jaded. Salinger’sRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J .D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreDishonesty In Catcher In The Rye1184 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Oh what a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive!†. This line from a poem by Walter Scott, born in the late eighteenth-century, highlights that dishonesty is a gift that keeps on giving. Several decades later, J.D. Salinger published his book Catcher in the Rye, which stars sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield as he wanders around New York City after leaving school early. Holden is a self-confessed liar, and throughout theRead MoreAnalysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield: Enemy of Himself1686 Words   |  7 PagesJerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone there that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavor

Analysis of Article The Weight of What If Essay - 718 Words

In her article â€Å"The Weight of What If,† Anna Quindlen writes about the tragedy of fallen soldiers. She says that we often forget how each soldier is a life unlived, and we often forget â€Å"what if† they had lived. Speaking in a balanced tone, she deals with the Iraq conflict, as well as World War II and Vietnam. She forces us to ask questions about war and the effect it can have on us. Quindlen clearly wants us to think more compassionately about the veterans. Because we are so far removed from Iraq, we may think that â€Å"the spectacle of hometown kids’ leaving home to be killed or maimed is bearible only when it’s given an antiseptic name.† We sometimes only see war as a lot of strategy and far-away fighting, when it is something personal that†¦show more content†¦She has obviously watched these videos and felt the emotion that she is describing. It is clear that she is not just anti-Iraq or anti-war, because she seems to accept that war is necessary. She does not take potshots at the current administration or even the way the war is being run. Instead, she wants to focus on the veterans. This makes her argument very effective. She is extremely persuasive when she contrasts such language like â€Å"strategy† and â€Å"details† with a â€Å"book with half the pages won.† Quindlen wants us to think about the people, and not just the â€Å"details,† so when she refers specifically to â€Å"men who fought in World War II . . . Lining up to seek psychiatric help afterward,† we begin to think of actual people doing this. When she refers to â€Å"marriage precipitously ended or never made† and â€Å"children orphaned and never born,† we realize that war has really gruesome and tragic effects. The essay is strongest when Quindlen is reminding us of the soldiers and the real, human loss when they are killed in battle. She reminds us that they are human beings, and our hearts go out to them. Without being too diehard, she does make us ask questions about the war we’re involved in. When she tells us that â€Å"Every name on the sloping black wall of the Vietnam Memorial tells a story,† it reminds me of when I went to visit the Memorial. The names are endless. ItShow MoreRelatedCritical Arguement Analysis Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Argument Analysis Destanie Garcia ENG/215CA October 10, 2011 Patricia Moody Critical Argument Analysis Childhood obesity is an ongoing epidemic in today’s society. This essay will focus on three different professional articles, which are related to childhood obesity. The three articles in this essay are â€Å"Fighting Childhood Obesity,† â€Å"Recognizing and Preventing Childhood Obesity,† and â€Å"Understanding and Acting on the Growing Childhood and Adolescent Weight Crisis: A Role for SocialRead MoreThe Effects Of A Body Image Exposure Session On Smoking1720 Words   |  7 Pagescancer due to the cigarettes he once promoted for many years. Smoking is often used as a weight control strategy among female smokers. The pressures that women sometimes feel to look a certain way can be overwhelming and make women desperate to fit into society’s idea of what women â€Å"should† look like. There are many different â€Å"so called† benefits that come from smoking such as reduced anxiety, improved mood, and weight control. On the flip side, these b enefits can easily be achieved through physical activityRead MoreThe And Body Mass Index Of Early Adulthood And Risk Of Schizophrenia / Research1197 Words   |  5 Pages Alissa Winkler Height, weight, and body mass index in early adulthood and risk of schizophrenia/ Research paper Burlington County Community College Prior to the date of July 1, 2006 when this research article was written there was very little information known about the possible associations between the risk of becoming schizophrenic due to thinness or overweight issues during the early adulthood chapter of life. 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George H. Crosby Manitou Book Report - 750 Words

was scheduled to work day security on my very last day of work and we got a call about a climber that had fallen off of Palisade Head. Now to get a little perspective on how serious this actually was, Palisade head is approximately 300 ft. from the ground at its peak. So, we rushed from the park up to Palisade head and we were met with a rush of frantic people and a scene I necessarily was not prepared for. I was left on the top of Palisade backing people away and clearing the scene while the lead Security Ranger for the day took off full speed down to the bottom to assist with medical. He promptly assisted others with CPR for about 25 minutes until local law enforcement and EMT arrived. The gentleman that fell got lucky only suffering a†¦show more content†¦With This park being largely undeveloped, every time I was scheduled to do anything at the park, I would be bombarded with a plethora of questions. Along the Manitou River Trail, it is roughly a 10  ½ mile round trip f rom site 1 to site 17 and I got first hand experience with just how rugged that trail can be. So, a little back story here on my third day of work another intern and I got the opportunity to walk the Manitou River Trail. We were given two pails, a shovel, map and compass and were told to clean all of the fire rings for the sites 1-17. Now going in, I thought the day would be relatively easy and that this task would not take us all that long, but was I ever wrong. It took us roughly 5 hours to get to site 17 and when we arrived we were surprised at just how long it took us to walk 6-7 miles on such unforgiving rugged terrain. On the hike out, we even got the opportunity to see a black bear cub playing in the river. The moral behind this story is that I got paid to hike around the woods all day and it was honestly amazing. This experience was definitely my favorite day at work this past summer and hands down George H. Crosby Manitou is now my favorite State Park. So, where I spent the majority of my summer was at Temperance River State Park. Although I did get the chance to work at the other two parks, I was the designated intern for Temperance River. The

The Causes And Effects Of Europe - 945 Words

Any analysis of European history will reveal a constant theme of revolutions and counterrevolutions across space and time that have shaped the very foundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centered on economic change while still others concentrated on class struggle. In truth, the causes and effects of Europe’s many revolutions throughout time are as varied as the nations that compose the continent itself. However, despite the variety of the causes of these revolutions and the changes that they wrought, one standard holds true for all European revolutions; all European revolutions, whether violent or not, served to irreversibly alter the social, political, and economic pa radigms of the nation where the revolution took place. To put it bluntly, a European nation that experienced any form of a revolution, regardless of time period and location, was forever altered from what it had been prior to the revolutionary event. Case and point, take the case of 18th century revolutionary France. The French Revolution, without question, was a truly violent affair which eventually culminated in the beheading of the French King Louis XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette. In thisShow MoreRelatedThe Black Death Pandemic967 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough all of Europe, taking 25,000,000 people along with it. 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The assassination of

Farstad Shipping - Modern Offshore Support Vessels

Introduction About Farstad Shipping Farstad Shipping ASA is a major international supplier of large, modern offshore support vessels. It has a fleet of 57 vessels and currently has one vessel under construction. It is headquartered in Aelesun on the North West coast of Norway. It has offices in all major ports of the world including Aberdeen in Scotland, Melbourne in Australia, Singapore and in Maca in Brazil. Through a joint venture it also has presence in Angola. In 2008 the freight income was earned in the following markets: 16.0% in Norway, 14.0% in the UK, 45.0% in the Far East/ Australia, 19.0% in Brazil, 6.0% in West Africa and Mexico. Farstad Shipping has been listed on Oslo Stock Exchange since 1988 and has over the years given the shareholders a competitive return on their investment. The number of outstanding shares is 39 million out of which approximately 46% is owned by the Farstad family (Fastard Shipping, 2009). Brief History The shipping company Sverre A. Farstad Co was established in 1956 by Consul Sverre A. Farstad and the ship-owners Ole Schrder and Sverre Farstad jr. The first vessel, an ore carrier of 10 500 DWT, was ordered the same year from Haugesund Mek. Verksted. In early 1988 Farstad bought the "empty" company Hemes with the purpose of being quoted on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Soon after the acquisition of Hemes, parts of the Farstad ship owning interests went public through the introduction of Far Shipping A/S to the Oslo Stock Exchange.Far Shipping A/S later changed name to Farstad Shipping ASA. The company became an integrated shipping company in the year 1993 and in 1997 it established a JV with PO, which was followed by a JV with Petroserve in 1999. In subsequent years the company has expanded its operations in the Indian Ocean and set up offices in Signapore and West Africa. Core Values In order to understand the strategy of Farstad shipping it is important to note the values which are imbibed in the employees of the corporation. They are the following Safety Minded: The company believes that all its employees should be trained in basic safety measures and drills. It wants to be a responsible employer where the services rendered to the client are done with compromising the safety of the employees Value Creative: The Company wants to create value for all its stakeholders including employees, shareholders, customers and the society in general. Reliable The Company believes in owning up to the decision it has taken and believes in exercising a high sense of integrity Inclusive The Company wishes to be individual focused taking into account their different needs through sharing knowledge and experience. Visible and Transparent: The Company wishes to stand with its customers and clients in their endeavors. It also wishes to support the local community. MISSION AND OBJECTIVES Farstad Shippings wishes to be a long-term, major supplier of large, modern offshore supply vessels to the oil industry worldwide. It also endeavors to achieve the following Core Focus Anchor handling tug supply vessels (AHTS) larger than 10000 BHP and platform supply vessels (PSV) larger than 2000 DWT. New Areas Focus on the supply vessel market which is most complex in terms of advance and large amount of tonnage Target subsea and construction activities leveraging the experience gained. This would allow the company to support its clients forays into this area Financial Overview The company achieved in 2008 operating revenues of NOK 3,019.7 million, which is the highest in the company's history. The result after tax amounted to a profit of NOK 1,225.6 million (NOK 89.3 million deficit) after the recognition of NOK 316.3 million in tax income, of which NOK 317.8 million came from the reversal of the environmental portion associated with the new tax regime in 2007. In Q-2 2009 the company had a had an operating income of NOK 839 mn as compared to an income of NOK 662 mn. The profitability as measured by EBIDTA also improved considerably to NOK 451 mn as compared to NOK 346 mn in the previous year. The PAT for the quarter was NOK 366 mn as compared to NOK 225 mn in the same quarter previous year (Fastard Shipping, 2009). Industry Analysis Due to the global economic slowdown the seaborne trade grew at just 3.5% in 2008 as compared to 4.5% in 2009. However the past trends continue where the developing regions offered the maximum loading accounting for 60% of the tonnage and developed countries had 33.6% of the tonnage. The overwhelming dominance of Asia was quite start with it controlling almost 40% of the trade. PEST Analysis Economics GDP Growth The global GDP growth in 2008 has slowed down to just 2.0 percent as compared to 3.7% last year and below the annual average of 3.5% recorded during the period 1994-2008. World output has contracted by 2.7% in 2009, first time ever since 1930. Since the demand for maritime transport is dependent on global growth in production, the maritime industry is also expected to suffer the fall out of this fall in demand. Developed countries are the ones which have suffered the most in terms of GDP growth with a decrease in GDP by 4.1 % in 2009. Developing countries however continued to expand output by 5.3% in 2008 down from 7.3% in 2007.China continued to lead, with its GDP growing by 9.0 per cent. Other major countries such as India and South Africa continued on the growth trajectory although at a slower rate of growth (UNCTAD Report 2009). Impact on Merchandise Trade The decrease in the global output worldwide has had a material impact on the growth in world merchandise trade. Although the volume in 2008 grew by 2% this was 4% points lower than that in 2007. In most of the previous years the growth in global trade outpaces the growth in GDP, however this year the same was not noticed. In 2008, the American export volumes grew by a meager 1.5% while the European Union registered the slowest growth ever. There was a rapid decline in imports as well, with US hitting -2.5% and the EU a negative 1% (UNCTAD Report 2009). Trade Finance Trade finance is a key influencing factor when it comes to the maritime industry. In fact experts believe that this unmet need of trade finance is the key reasons for a rapid decline in maritime activity with the advent of the financial crisis. Banks have become conservative in issuing letters of credit and other instruments which facilitate trade. This has had a considerable impact on the trade particularly amongst developing countries. The unmet need for trade finance is estimated to be USD 100 bn to USD 300 bn annually (UNCTAD Report 2009). Political Efforts by Government to Stimulate Economy A global economic recovery and by extension, a recovery in merchandise trade and demand for maritime transport services will depend on actions by world governments to stimulate investment and consumption and thus promote trade. (Scott and Jeferrey 2007) Governments individually and as part of the G-20 have taken action to revitalize the economy. In the G-20 meet in April 2009, they agreed on a $1.1 trillion support effort with $250 bn out of this attributed only to trade finance. Countries such as India and China have lowered interest rates to stabilize financial sectors and stimulate the economy (Harrigon and Deng 2008). Security at Sea A key challenge facing the maritime industry has also been the safety of the maritime vessels at sea. This has been challenged by a surge in piracy incidents in key strategic transit points such as Gulf of Aden. These incidents of piracy have a considerable impact on ships, crew and cargoes and on the maritime industry. It threats global seaborne trade (over 80% of trade moving through the Gulf of Aden is In addition to the direct impact on ships, crews and cargoes, and on the maritime industry and governments, piracy threatens global seaborne trade (over 80 per cent of seaborne trading moving through Gulf of Aden goes to Europe). This spurt in piracy has led to high insurance costs for the ships passing through the Gulf of Aden with the war insurance premium climbing to USD 20000 per ship from USD 500 bn year ago. (Clark 2007) Climate Change The issue of climate change has been becoming increasingly important. There has been compelling scientific evidence about the seriousness of the threat which has moved the issue to the forefront of the international agenda. The impact has been more significant in the more vulnerable countries. Maritime transport as a major transportation industry also has a role to play given the fact that by volume it carries over 80 per cent of global trade, has a role to play in addressing this formidable challenge. International maritime transport faces a dual challenge. As a transportation sector its a contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions and thus faces ire of environmentalists. It is also directly impacted by the climate change factors such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events and rising temperature. The wide ranging impact climate change is likely to have on maritime transport and the implication for trade growth and development need to be addressed by integrating this in the strategy planning process for a maritime transport company (UNCTAD 2009). Technology Dependence on Oil Maritime transport industry relies on oil, in particular on heavy grade fuel oil for propulsion. Although there is a possibility of using alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power for giving additional power to the ship. LNG may be used as an alternative fuel in shipping; however it also faces the challenge of being stored aboard. Emergence of Green Ships Evergreen Line a company which runs shipping operations worldwide has introduced green ships which are much more fuel efficient and technology advanced to meet the challenges posed by climate change. These include following distinct features Alternative Maritime Power: Connects to alternative power from shore to reduce air pollution during loading/unloading Superior Hull Design: This improves speed and reduces fuel consumption to make the ship more efficient. Waste Storage Chambers: Treats garbage to maintain excellent sanitary condition. Low Sulfur Fuel System: Reduces emission of SOx gasses to prevent air pollution Social and Cultural Factors Demographic Change It is to be noted that the consumption driven economies of Europe and North America have shown sign of slowing down. Although the issue in North America is primarily due to the after effects of the financial crisis, the situation in Europe maybe even more complex. This is primarily due to the rapidly ageing population. A rapidly ageing population usually points towards a shift away from a consumption driven economy and a stable or declining population growth rate. This is in contrast to the population composition in China and India which is mainly young, with almost 50% being under the age of 30 years. This demographic shift in population is bound to influence maritime trade which is likely to get a boost in these countries. Analysis of Farstad Shipping Strengths Strong Order Book The company has been awarded a four year contract with Petrobras in Brazil. Startup of the contract was end of January The company has been hired to provide charter services for a period of 12-15 months to support drilling operations in New Zealand and Australia. Shell Australia has also contracted the company to support the operations in western Australia for oil drilling and exploration Shell has awarded a contract to the company for exploration around the Irish shelf. Induction of New Technology Ships The company has started employing platform supply vessel which is designed for transportation of supplies/equipment to and from offshore installations. Transporting individual items mainly in containers on deck, in addition to a variety of different products (dry and wet) in separate tanks. Strong Financial Condition The company is strong in terms of its financial condition. The following financial parameters point out that the company is under leveraged, has fund raising ability and has been steadily cash positive in the last few years Debt/Equity Ratio: The company has a debt equity ratio of ~0.8 i.e. EBIDTA: The cash generation ability of the company as measured by the Earnings Before Interest Depreciation and Taxes is quite strong. The EBIDTA for year 2009 was 1736 NOK mn as compared to 1729 NOK mn in 2008 and much higher than 1376 NOK mn in 2007. Thus in spite of the global financial crisis the cash generating ability of the company has not been impacted. Cash and Cash Equivalents: The cash and cash equivalents of the company were 1544 mn NOK in the year 2009 as compared to 1189 NOK mn in the previous financial year. Thus the companys cash reserves have increased substantially in the last year owing to superior profitability Weakness Cost of Human Capital Since the company is mainly based out of Norway, the strength of its human capital comes from the developed countries. Thus given the wage differential between developed countries and developing countries the company operates at a high cost of human capital. It is likely to face challenge from carriers operating from developing countries such as India and China. Threats Foreign Exchange Risks Due to the companys global operations it carries a foreign exchange risks on its revenues, profits as well as sources of funds. The company has a negative impact of 273 mn NOK due to the unrealized foreign currency loss. Thus it is important for the company to hedge against the foreign currency risks (Fastard Shipping 2009) European Crisis By the end of year 2009, the financial crisis was looking to be over with the fall in jobless claims in the United States. However the impact of a free wheeling monetary policy unleashed in the wake of the financial crisis has started telling on European nations. Countries such as Greece and Italy which were always struggling with the fiscal deficit seem to be struggling with their burgeoning fiscal deficit. If the trend continues and the crisis spreads to the powerhouses of European economy i.e. France and Germany, we might be in for a rough ride out of the recession. This would mean a period of stagnated growth for another year and a half. This combined with an ageing population is likely to result in fall in demand in the European mainland and thus a fall in trade (UNCTAD Report 2009). Climate Change The issue of climate change has been highlighted above and is a growing and gathering threat to the company in the long run. Since the company has been operating its fleet for a long time it has many aged vehicles in the fleet. There is always a fear that given the fact that the climate change has taken international centre stage, a legislation imposing more stringent emission norms on the maritime industry is not far away. Opportunities Asia The economies of China and India even in the worst times of the financial crisis have shown resilience, although havent been completely untouched by it. High Growth Rate The countries continue to grow above a growth rate of 7-7.5%. This is mainly on account of the strong domestic demand supported by a favorable demographic profile. Given the fact that a majority of the population is under the age of 30 yrs, the working population in these countries is very strong Rise in Imports The growing demand in developing countries for white goods, luxury goods and commodities is all set to increase in the coming years given the increasing proportion of the middle class. In India alone the population of the middle class is likely to be 250 mn in another five years, this is roughly equal to the entire population of the United States. Hence the increase in trade to and from these geographies is all set to increase exponentially. Better infrastructure Developing countries such as Brazil, China and India have considerably increased their expenditure on infrastructure projects such as development of ports etc. This is likely to reduce the turnaround time for the ships which use these ports often thus decreasing the overall cost of trip. This would be a positive development for Farstad Shipping. Increase in Oil Prices The oil prices which were on a downward spiral in the year 2009 have stabilized and are all set to rise as the Chinese growth engine gets into the fast gear. An increase in all prices is likely to rejuvenate the oil exploration market and thus provide opportunities for maritime support. A higher oil price means that the oil companies are ready to explore areas where the probability of finding oil may not be very high, since the opportunity cost of not exploring the area is very high. This translates into better and higher amount of business for the maritime industry (Berthelon and Freund 2008). Competitor Analysis The Norwegian shipping industry is composed of almost 85 shipping companies which operate in one or other niche. However there are only four other bigger players which challenge Farstad in its domain of AHTS and PSV. They are as follows: Deep Sea Supply: he Group's principal activities are ship owning and operating of several Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessels (AHTS vessels) and Platform Supply Vessel (PSV). The Group operates in two segments AHTS and PSV. The Group operates in the following geographical areas: North Sea, Mediterranean, Africa, Australia/Far East and North South America. It does not have presence in the sub-sea category in which Farstad now operates giving Farstad a definitive edge in the market. DOF ASA: The group operates around 67 vehicles out of which 23 are owned by the group and the rest are leased. These include 23 PSVs, 21 AHTS and around 23 Multi Purpose Vehicles. This group has an extensive presence in the sub sea segment and thus poses a direct challenge to Farstads domination in this arena. The group is the largest Norwegian player, next only to Farstad. Havila Shipping: The company operates 10 supply vessels and another 12 new buildings. These include a total of eight PSVs, 9 AHTSV and three subsea construction vessels. The companys expanding operations in the lucrative sub sea market threatens Farstads revenues from the same Analysis of Farstads Strategy Farstads strategy can be summarized as three pronged. The first two deal with its conventional strengths in supporting the needs of the oil industry and carrying advanced tonnage while the third one is the new area of focus i.e. subsea activities. Oil Focused: Farstads main focus has been to be a long term supplier of large, modern offshore supply vessels to the oil industry worldwide. However this strategy comes with risks as it would make the company dependent on the fortunes of the oil industry. In case of a dip in the oil prices it would put pressure on the companys revenus and margins. Supply Vessel Market: The company also endeavours to fosu on the supply vessel market which demands the most advanced tonnage. Thus it also belives that it can cater to merchandise trade. In this category the company is amongst the top 5 service provides with a global market share of 5%. Subsea Activities: The companys new are of focus is leveraing the experience gainsed from the conventional offshore activities to strengthen its presence in the sub sea acitivites to support client needs. Farstads Fleet AHTS (Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vehicle) Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessel They are offshore supply vessels specially designed to provide anchor handling and towage services for semi submersibles, platform jackets, barges and production modules/vessels. Certain AHTS in the fleet are equipped for fire fighting, rescue operations and oil recovery PSV (Platform Supply Vehicles): These vessels are designed for transportation of supplies and equipment to and from offshore installations Subsea: These are customize for operations and construction work on the seabed, and support for subsea operations. CSV (Construction Support Vessel). Vessel especially designed for operations and installations at great ocean depths. MPSV (Multipurpose Supply Vessel) large supply vessels equipped for support, maintenance and installation of equipment on the seabed. Critical Success Factors Critical success factors for the company will be determined by the companys internal strengths as well as the opportunities which exist in the market. The critical success factors for the company based on the above are as follows: Meet the Challenge of Climate Change: Climate change issue as discussed earlier is likely to have a major impact on the maritime transport industry. Hence it is important to tackle this issue through a combination of efficient ships and smarter loads. Thus Farstad shipping needs to achieve this to stay competitive and be a leader in the industry. Exploit Emerging Markets: Emerging markets such as India and China are likely to be key to the success of Farstad. As they are the growth markets for any new company, so further addition to the companys top line would be dependent on its efforts to exploit the trade routes emanating from these countries. Target Oil Operations: Oil is a critical resource and given the recent trends, the price of oil is likely to rise as the world recovers from the financial crisis. Thus given the high margins on oil it is likely that deep sea oil exploration is likely to be a major growth area. Dev eloping Strategic O ptions and Recom mended S rategy The way forward fo r Fastard is dependent on the com panys internal strengths and wea kness which ne ed to be leveraged so a to exploit the opportun ities and counter the strengths. Thus it is important to focus o n strengthening the current area of o perations o the compa ny and expl oiting the opportunities av ailable. Let us try and develop the strategy for the organi zation takin g cue from An soffs matri. Now based on Ansof fs matrix above the org anization n eeds to focus on the following strategies. Assessment of Strategic Options 1. Market Pene ration: It n eds to focus on penetr ting the ex sting marke t, by capturing a l rger market share. Ho wever given the tough ompetition in terms of shipping rates it m ay not be w ise to decre ase rates to attract mor e customers as it would results in l ss in t e long run. Thus this st rategic optio n is not rec ommended. 2. Product Development: Given the changing dynamics of the shipping industry, there is a need to develop new products which are faster and more fuel efficient. This would differentiate the service offering in the market and thus attract more customers. 3. Market Development: In this case the company can leverage its existing strengths in shipping and expand its markets to the two major untapped areas i.e. North America and South Asia. 4. Diversification: The company should continue to focus on its core areas of operations and not venture into unrelated diversification given the volatility of the external environment. To enable this the following should be the key pillars of companys strategy going forward: Market Development 1. Target Emerging Economies: The Company has not as yet exploited the rapid growth in the emerging economies of China and India. It is critical going forward that it is able to capture some of the demand emanating from these countries. The countries are dependent on imported oil and are facing severe resource constraints in finding vessels for the import of such oil. China is entering into long term strategic partnerships with Africa to get oil. Farstad should exploit its presence in Angola to cater to the business which this strategic partnership is likely to generate. Farstad should also establish a presence in the major ports in the region especially Shanghai and Mumbai which are the new financial hubs of the east. The companys business development efforts in these cities can exponentially grow its revenues. 2. Shipping Operations to North America: It is essential that the company takes advantage of the reviving U.S. economy and expands its business to the U.S. and beyond. As the company expands its presence in U.S. and China it can capitalize on the huge amount of trade which happens between these two countries and thus increase revenues as well as profitability Product/Service Development 1. Deep Sea Oil Exploration: Given the highs touched by Crude oil prices it is obvious that once the world economy recovers the oil prices are likely to head north with a demand supply mismatch given the production cuts by OPEC. In an era of high oil prices deep sea oil blocks which were earlier not very profitable to explore are likely to become profitable targets for exploration. Thus if the company is able to take a step forward from its strengths in sub sea construction and provide vessels for Deep sea oil exploration it will be capitalize on a new source of revenue. 2. Ship Procurement and Development: It is important to realize that the challenge of climate change is only going to get bigger with time and there is going to be considerable pressure on the maritime industry to cut down on emissions. Thus this needs to be reflected in the ship building and development effort of the company so that more fuel efficient vehicles can be built. It might be prudent to analyze the development efforts of the Greenline shipping company to understand how these efforts can be made more fruitful.