Witness Statements and their Unreliability-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Witness Statements and their Unreliability. Answer: The major argument contained in this paper is that psychologists have a point when they denote that eye witness statements are not always reliable. Eye witness testimony plays an important role in the criminal justice process. This is because the conviction of a suspect will depend on the reliability and the accuracy of an eye witness, when he provides his testimony to the court of law (Vrij, Hope Fisher, 2014). However, there is a problem regarding eye witness testimonies. The problem lies on whether their statement of facts is accurate and credible. A large number of wrongful convictions have relied on the testimony of eye witnesses, some of which have been proved to be false. Some of the reasons that an eye witness testimony cannot be reliable is if the memory of the witness is low, poor vision and old age. Note that, some people who are over 70 years of age normally have poor memory and vision, and this affects their capability to provide reliable and accurate statements of facts. It is based on these factors that psychologists have come up with the assertion that eye witness testimonies are not always reliable, and extensive reliance on them can lead to a mistrial. A number of studies have been carried out on this concept of human memory, and the capability of an individual to provide an accurate testimony in a court of law (Vrij, Hope Fisher, 2014). One of the psychologists who has carried out extensive research on the human memory, and its propensity to recognize erroneous occurrences and details is a researcher by the name of Elizabeth Loftus. Most of her experiments focused on the capability of third parties to introduce false facts and events in the memory of a witness (Laney Loftus, 2016). These experiments were carried out in the 1970s, and the results were startling and surprising. For instance, in one of the experiments, Elizabeth Loftus showed a stop or a yield sign to the subjects of the study. This is when they were driving a car. When a question was asked on the yield sign that the participants saw, the examiners falsely introduced a stop sign. From this study, the conclusion was that people can produce an answer based on the false images that are depicted to them. Loftus also carried out an experiment of a car accident (Nahari, Vrij Fisher, 2016). Two terms were introduced when asking the participants questions on how fast the cars were travelling before causing an accident. The first term was hit and the second term was smashed. The population, who were questioned by the use of the term smashed, provided an answer of seeing a broken glass (Laney Loftus, 2016). This answer was inaccurate. Basing on these experiments, it is possible to denote that a third party can interfere with the memory of a witness, through the introduction of false cues. This will definitely make the testimony to be inaccurate and false. Submission of false testimonies to a court of law would definitely lead to an injustice, if the judge relies on such a testimony to convict the suspect. Moreover, eye witnesses do not have to rely on third parties for purposes of distorting their memories. They can distort their own memories, without the help of police officers or any third parties (Vrij, Hope Fisher, 2014). This is basically because they have some element of bias towards certain conditions or events. Note that, people normally retell certain events with a purpose on mind (Nahari, Vrij Fisher, 2016). On this note, any act of storytelling is always aimed at a specific listener. Because of this fact, the eye witness always engages in the process of editing the information he wants to provide, so that it may fit the context in which he is narrating the story (Laney Loftus, 2016). For instance, if a witness has a perception of a particular perpetrator in a negative manner, and identifies him as such, he might be unable to provide an accurate testimony, based on his reconstruction of memory that emanates out of the bias that he has towards the perpetrator. Thus, becaus e of the capability of bias to affect the eye witness testimony, chances are high that the information provided might be incorrect. In a study carried out by psychologists from the University of Virginia on the reliability of eye witness testimonies: they found out that extensive reliance on eye witness testimonies can result to a mistrial. On a specific note, if the court is relying on a person who is over 60 years of age. In this study, the population of study was aged people between 60 to 80 years, and college going students (Nahari, Vrij Fisher, 2016). From the results of this study, psychologists found out that the aged people were poor eye witnesses compared to the college going students. This result is not surprising, given the fact that the aged people normally have poor eye sights and vision, and this may result to their inability to accurately witness the criminal activity that occurred and to provide a correct identity of the person who committed the act. Psychologists criticize the reliance of visions for purposes of providing a testimony in the courts of law. For instance, tests suggest that a person with very good eyesight may not have the capability of accurately witnessing an event that occurs 10 feet away from him (Vrij, Hope Fisher, 2014). This is because he may not accurately see the eye lashes of the suspect or maintain an eye contact, and this is crucial in the identification of a suspect. Moreover, research indicates that at 200 feet, the eyes of a suspect may become blurred, irrespective of whether they have a good eye sight or not. It is far much worse when the suspect is at 500 feet, and this is basically because they will not have the capability of distinguishing the facial features of the suspect, limiting their capability to accurately identify them. Despite these weaknesses of eye witness testimonies, Burrows Powell (2014) explains that majority of murder charges are always determined by the testimony of witnesses who were more than 450 feet away from the scene of crime. Another finding from this study by professionals from the University of Virginia that is of interest to psychologists relates to how the aged people behave when giving testimonies in the courts of law (Weisweiler, 2014). This behavior touches on the confidence and adamance of the aged people during the process of giving testimony. This confidence normally makes the judges to be convinced on the credibility and reliability of the statements provided by the aged people, and may ultimately result to a mistrial or a wrong conviction. To avoid such a scenario from happening, it is important for the court to always ensure that there are other ways and methods that can be used to examine the credibility of the eye witness, and the facts that he is providing. This is one of the major reasons that make lawyers to seek and analyze the history of the witness for purposes of ascertaining whether they are people whom the courts can rely upon to give an accurate and correct statement. Some of the facts that lawyers normally seek to find out, about a witness is their criminal history and whether they have issues pertaining to dishonesty of problems with the law (Fisher, Vrij Leins, 2013). Chances are high that the courts may not believe an inconsistent testimony that is provided by a person with a suspicious or criminal past. However, if the testimony is accompanied by a scientific proof, chances are high that the courts will take the testimony serious, and use it to determine the fate of the suspect who is under trial. Another factor that makes eye witness testimonies to be unreliable deals with the issue of stress. Note that, when a person suffers from stress, his mind is under pressure and is prone to errors (Volbert Steller, 2014). Research indicates that stress has the capability of affecting the account of an eye witness. Furthermore, when the eye witness suffers from stress, he may be unable to accurately pick a suspect from a police lineup. Note that, it is unethical for police officers to induce the identification of a suspect. However, when the process is not handled professionally, and the eye witness is suffering from stress or depression, chances are high that the police will help top induce the identification of the suspect, which may result to a wrong identification. Yuan et al (2016) denotes that a photographic lineup can be done through the use of a number of ways. An exampling is by excluding a suspect from the mug shot, and providing the photos to the witness to try and identify if the suspect is there. Yuan et al (2016) calls this type of identification as simultaneous lineup. This process has a number of disadvantages. For instance, Vrij (2015) denotes that one of the disadvantages is that chances of errors are high in this process if the suspect is suffering from stress. This is further compounded by the fact that the eye witness may choose a look alike picture, if the image of the suspect is not found amongst the picture set that is provided by the police. In the view of Howe Knott (2015), photographic lineup policies have been developed for purposes of minimizing the risks of choosing a wrong suspect in the lineup. This is because of the requirement that a police officer should notify a witness that a suspect may not be in the photos provided to him. Police officers can also allow an eye witness to view photos one at a time. This type of suspect identification has the capability of being accurate, since it produces less false identification. Richter (2015) denotes that the development of such policies is an indication that the eye witness account may be unreliable; thus, the need of supporting them with other types of evidence, such as scientific evidence. Note that, people who are used in the police lineups together with suspects are called fillers (Steblay, Wells Douglass, 2014). The use of these people who do not resemble a suspect can easily make an eye witness to identify them, because the suspects stand out. Moreover, psychologists explain that when a person is of the same race, it is easier for the eye witness to identify them. This is as opposed to when the suspect comes from a different race to that of the eye witness. Another important factor that may affect the capability of a suspect to provide an accurate account of the crime or to accurately identify the victim is whether there was the presence of a weapon. The reasons why this may affect the eye witness account is because focus is always on the weapon, as opposed to the identity of the suspect (Hahn, Oaksford Harris, 2013). Moreover, leading questions that are asked by police officers may affect the testimony of a witness, and this is the reason that makes most judges to prevent the police or an attorney from asking certain questions. Finally, eye witness testimonies have a number of weaknesses; thus, the courts of law should not rely on them entirely, while coming up with a decision about the fate of a suspect. One of the weaknesses is the fact that a person may have poor vision, and this may limit his capability to provide an accurate account of what happened. Moreover, factors such as stress, depression, presence of a weapon and poor suspect identification procedures may affect the capability of a witness to provide an accurate account of what actually happened in the scene of a crime. It is based on these factors that psychologists are right, when they assert that reliance on witnesses may lead to a mistrial. References Burrows, K. S., Powell, M. (2014). Prosecutors' recommendations for improving child witness statements about sexual abuse.Policing and Society,24(2), 189-207. Fisher, R. P., Vrij, A., Leins, D. A. (2013). Does testimonial inconsistency indicate memory inaccuracy and deception? Beliefs, empirical research, and theory. InApplied issues in investigative interviewing, eyewitness memory, and credibility assessment(pp. 173-189). Springer New York. Hahn, U., Oaksford, M., Harris, A. J. (2013). Testimony and argument: A Bayesian perspective. InBayesian argumentation(pp. 15-38). Springer Netherlands. Howe, M. L., Knott, L. M. (2015). The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: Lessons from the past and their modern consequences.Memory,23(5), 633-656. Laney, C., Loftus, E. F. (2016). Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases.Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. DOI: https://doi. org/nobaproject. com. Nahari, G., Vrij, A., Fisher, R. P. (2014). Exploiting liars' verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details.Legal and Criminological Psychology,19(2), 227-239. Richter, L. L. (2015). Posnerian Hearsay: Slaying the Discretion Dragon.Fla. L. Rev.,67, 1861. Steblay, N. K., Wells, G. L., Douglass, A. B. (2014). The eyewitness post identification feedback effect 15 years later: Theoretical and policy implications. Yuan, X., Mei, Q., Zhou, S., Ma, X. (2016). Reliable and robust entanglement witness.Physical Review A,93(4), 042317. Volbert, R., Steller, M. (2014). Is This Testimony Truthful, Fabricated, or Based on False Memory?.European Psychologist. Vrij, A. (2015). Verbal Lie Detection tools: Statement validity analysis, reality monitoring and scientific content analysis.Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches, 3-35. Vrij, A., Hope, L., Fisher, R. P. (2014). Eliciting reliable information in investigative interviews.Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences,1(1), 129-136. Weisweiler, J. (2014). Unreliable Witness: Failings of the Narrative in Ammianus Marcellinus.Literature and Society in the Fourth Century AD: Performing Paidea, Constructing the Present, Presenting the Self (Leiden: Brill), 103-133.

The Problems of Terrorism in Modern World

Terrorism has no single definition. However, it can be termed as organized acts of terror, mainly unleashed through unlawful activities, and which is intended to create fear and intimidation to a particular individual, organisations or a state.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Problems of Terrorism in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Terrorism is carried out with various motives, including political, religious and ideological motives. The acts of terrorism may target governments, non-governmental organizations or even individuals. Terrorism in governments involves attack of the government leaders, or other economic or social institutions. The acts can also involve attack of civilians. Terrorism is inspired by many reasons, which mainly include philosophical, racial, and ideological or religious believes. Other reasons may include desire for social solidarity and desire to seek attention a nd recognition from various institutions and governments. On the other hand, the use of force and intimidation by some governments and authorities to obtain political, social or economic benefits is also perceived as terrorism. There are many things that act to encourage terrorism attacks. One of them is vulnerability. This is a state of being exposed to acts of terrorism, or the likelihood of being a terror victim. One may be vulnerable to terrorism in many dimensions like physical vulnerabilities. Physical vulnerability can either be in terms of geographical location. One is likely to be more vulnerable to terrorists’ acts depending on the region or state where they live as posited in (Hulnick, 2004). Countries that are terrorists’ camp sites have high incidences of terrorists’ attacks. Many groups and organisations of terrorism cause direct and personal threats to many individuals. In many incidences, innocent civilians have lost their properties and lives fr om acts of terrorists. Physical location also determines one’s political, and also the belief system. If such systems are contrary to terrorists’ desires and wishes, then you are more likely to be vulnerable to their attacks. Various regions and states of the continents have different degrees of terrorism vulnerability. Some States and countries that are more powerful and influential either socially, economically or politically, are at times major targets of terrorists (Ginges, 1997). This is because terrorists seem to perceive that such countries and states may use their positions and wealth to fight back the terrorists’ acts and plans they propagate. The location vulnerability of terrorism can be reduced by being selective in terms of where one lives. Terrorists’ acts may also target various cities and streets. Therefore, selecting physical location in terms of operations and resident will reduce the chances and exposure to terrorism.Advertising Lo oking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Physical vulnerability may also involve structural systems. These include buildings and other physical systems. High rise buildings with many floors are more likely to be attacked by terrorists than low rise buildings. Buildings that are used by governments, anti-terrorists organisations or agents are at high risks of attacks from terrorists’. Various governments’ agencies, corporations and ambassadors may be vulnerable to terrorism depending on such governments’ stands and reactions towards terrorism. The knowledge of terrorism will be helpful in reducing chances of attacks. If one understands the relation of a government with terrorists, he/she can make decisions that involve less risk exposure and therefore, this makes one less vulnerable as a target of terrorism. Resources distribution is also another physical cause for vulnerability wi th terrorism. Communities and societies that have less resources might feel segregated, which creates a need for such communities and societies to find means to create more resources and recognition. Lack of fair political or economic mechanism to distribute natural resources may also cause terrorists threats. This means that the class or group that is segregated may use terror to fight for equitable distribution of resources. Therefore, equitable distribution of resources and proper political and economic mechanisms will help in mitigating vulnerability to terrorism. In conclusion, hardening against vulnerability to terrorism has to involve knowledge about geographical location, structural systems and resources allocation and distribution. This knowledge will be vital in adjusting accordingly to terrorism threats, and taking decisions that reduce the risk of attacks from terrorists. References Ginges, J. (1997). Deterring the terrorist: A psychological evaluation of different Strat egies for deterring terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9, 170-185. Hulnick, A. (2004). Keeping Us Safe: Secret Intelligence and Homeland Security. This research paper on The Problems of Terrorism in Modern World was written and submitted by user Violet Hopper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using a Sample Aside From the Document You Are Writing

Using a Sample Aside From the Document You Are WritingEven when you are not sure about writing a particular passage, it is always a good idea to read over a sample anecdote and see how well it matches your essay topic. This can help you spot mistakes before they are noticed by the writer, and can also help determine the type of readership you need for your essay. Read on to find out how you can use a sample anecdote to develop and revise your essay.First of all, you must know your essay topic. The best way to develop your essay is to know the subject matter from the very beginning. The topic of your essay is just one of the components that will determine the tone of your essay and the tone and manner in which you write your essay.After you have selected your topic, you should then examine the type of audience you are aiming to reach with your essay. Since a sample anecdote is intended to give you an idea of how your essay should sound, you will want to choose an audience that is simi lar to yourself. Think about how you personally learned the facts about the topic. The sample can give you ideas about the audience you should expect to be involved in your essay.Next, you should look at the writing style of the person who will be reading your essay. If your writer tends to use a simple and direct approach, you should avoid using anecdotes to write your essay. On the other hand, if your writer is an introvert, you may wish to include an anecdote in your essay that focuses on the introvert in your piece.You should also take into consideration the way in which you are planning to summarize the details of your essay. If your summary is straightforward and does not cover too much information, you may want to go with a simpler example. On the other hand, if your summary is long and not too easy to understand, you should consider including an anecdote.Additionally, if you are going to include an anecdote in your essay, you should consider how you plan to discuss your poin ts. An anecdote can be used to support points that relate to the main topic of your essay, or it can be used to point out minor details that do not relate to the main topic of your essay. Because of this, you may wish to use your sample anecdote to review the essay as you are developing it.Finally, once you have considered these things, you can take the sample anecdote and translate it into a number of essays of your own. In order to make sure that your translation of the anecdote remains true to the original, you should make sure to use a vocabulary that is similar to that of the audience in your original essay. Also, since your original sample essay contained a number of different topics, you should translate each of these to your essay.When you use a sample anecdote in an essay, you should always put it into the same context as the audience. This allows you to improve the clarity of your essay, and it also allows you to translate it into the essay you are working on at the moment . This is especially important for long-form essays, because the best way to improve your essay is to always look at samples and compare them to your own essay.

6 Tips for New, First-Year MBA Students

6 Tips for New, First-Year MBA Students Being a new student can be difficultno matter how old you are or how many years of school you already have under your belt. This can be especially true for first-year MBA students. They are thrown into a new environment that is known for being rigorous, challenging, and quite frequently competitive. Most are nervous about the prospect and spend a great deal of time struggling with the transition. If you are in the same spot, the following tips may help. Tour Your School One of the problems with being in a new environment is that you dont always know where youre going. This can make it hard to get to class on time and find the resources you need. Before your class sessions start, be sure to take a thorough tour of the school. Familiarize yourself with the location of all of your classes as well as the facilities you might usethe library, the admissions office, the career center, etc. Knowing where you are going will make the first few days a lot easier to get through. Establish a Schedule Making time for classes and coursework can be a challenge, especially if you are trying to balance a job and family with your education. The first few months can be particularly overwhelming. Establishing a schedule early on can help you stay on top of everything. Buy or download a daily planner and use it to track everything you need to do each day. Making lists and crossing things off as you complete them will keep you organized and help you with your time management. Learn to Work in a Group Many business schools require study groups or team projects. Even if your school does not require this, you may want to consider joining or starting your own study group. Working with other students in your class is a great way to network and get team experience. Although it is not a good idea to try to get other people to do your work for you, there is no harm in helping each other work through difficult material. Depending on others and knowing that others depend on you is also a good way to stay on track academically. Learn to Read Dry Text Quickly Reading is a huge part of business school coursework. In addition to a textbook, you will also have other required reading materials, such as case studies and lecture notes. Learning how to read a lot of dry text quickly will help you in each one of your classes. You shouldnt always speed read, but you should learn how to skim text and assess what is important and what is not. Network Networking is a big part of the business school experience. For new MBA students, finding time to network can be a challenge. However, it is very important that you incorporate networking into your schedule. The contacts you meet in business school can last a lifetime and may just help you get a job after graduation. Dont Worry It is easy advice to give and hard advice to follow. But the truth is that you shouldnt worry. Many of your fellow students share the same concerns. They are nervous too. And like you, they want to do well. The advantage in this is that you are not alone. The nervousness you feel is perfectly normal. The key is to not let it stand in the way of your success. Although you may be uncomfortable at first, your business school will eventually begin to feel like a second home. You will make friends, you will get to know your professors and what is expected of you, and you will keep up with the coursework if you give yourself enough time to complete it and ask for help when you need it. Get more tips on how to manage school stress.

Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment

Discuss about the Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment. Mr. A (70 yrs) is from the Srilanka. He is living alone in his home on the outskirt of city alone as his wife was expired two years before. He is not interested to stay with his son who is staying in the same city. His is financially weak as he don’t have any i e source and he is having very little pension. Hence, he can’t offer to have helper to assist in his activities of daily living. munity from which Mr. A belongs is traditionalist in character, as people from this munity are not interested to share their health problems with healthcare professional. 15 years before he was diagnosed with peptic ulcer, diabetes, obesity, ostoporosis, fatty liver cirrhosis and hypertension and till date he is having these disease conditions. Mr. A was consuming bisoprolol, atenolol, esomeprazole, metformin, frusemide, spironolactone and orlistat since some time. He was on alcohol consumption and chronic smoking since few years. Milk products and eggs are allergic to him. He is not ea ting nutritious food and as result his nutritional balance is impaired. In recent times, his vital systems were tested and below are the observations. He has breathing problem, stomach pain, vomiting, insomnia and he has feeling of loss of appetite and lethargy. It is evident that he wishes to keep isolated from society and family members and pletely depressed. Mr. A feels that society and family members are not going to accept him in this condition. Society and family members are unhappy with his lifestyle since long time and his presenting condition is due to his lifestyle. As he is depressed, he is forgetting routine things and he disoriented to time, however he is oriented to the people. Liver function tests are performed for Mr. A because he has liver cirrhosis. Liver function test generally estimates proteins such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and bilirubin. Atypical level of these proteins exhibit degree of liver damage or scarring. Full blood examination (FBE) exhibit plete examination of health of the Mr.A. Diagnosis of acute inflammation can be performed by C-reactive protein (CRP) estimation. Test for the inflammation was performed because Mr. A has peripheral oedema (cirrhosis).   MBI test is generally performed as metabolic panel test essentially for diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease and hypertension. MBI test was performed because Mr. A is having multiple diseases.   CT scan of the left hip of Mr. A was performed as Mr. A has pain in hip. With the help of CT scan degree of pression of fracture can be determined and it is also useful for the evaluation of severity of osteoporosis. X-ray of spine pelvis ri ght hip was carried out in the patient for the assessment of   dislocation of three bones of the pelvis like illiun, ischium and pubis (Fischbach and Barnett, 2009; Novelline and Squire, 2004). Mr. A has cardiovascular plications since some time and he taking medicines for the same. To assess his current cardiovascular plications his blood pressure should be assessed. He is also having breathing problem and to assess his current lung function pulmonary function test should be performed. He is also having liver cirrhosis, hence his liver function test should be performed. In these evaluations it has been observed that his cardiovascular system, respiratory system and liver are normal (Jensen, 2010). Head, ears, eyes, nose and throat (HEENT) Observations   : Eyes : No problem in vision, No blurred vision and there are no spots in the eye. Cardiovascular: Occasional mild chest pain, occasional very little palpitations. Pulmonary : No shortness of breath and no cough. Gastointestinal : There is epigastric pain since long time, diarrhea and bloody stools and loss of appetitie. Genitourinary : No urgency in urination Neurologic : No numbness, tingling and paresthesias. Mukosleletal : Abdominal pain after lifting little heavy bag. Vital signs   : B.P. – Systolic 120 mmHg and diastolic 80 mmHg, Blood sugar level – 110 mg/dl, Body weight – 75 kg, Live function test – AST - 70 IU, ALT -   50 IU Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) – 75 % Conclusion : From the above physical examination and vital signs and other tests, it is evident that disease of Mr. A like hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis are in control now. However from symptoms like stomach pain, bloody diarrhea and loss of appetite is predicted that he is suffering from Inflammatory bowel disease and decided to go for diffential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Possible diffential diagnosis : Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the inflammatory disease of the GI tract and these two disease share few mon factors like symptoms. Also, these two disease share mon etiological factors like environmental, genetic and an abnormal immune response. These two diseases can occur equally in men and women. Crohn’s disease is spread intermittently in the large and small intestines with few areas are inflamed and few areas are normal. Ulcerative colitis can be continuous inflammation particularly in the small intestine. . Crohn’s disease occurs throughout every layer of the intestinal wall, on the other side ulcerative colitis occur particularly in the inner lining of the colon (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Conclusion:   Ã‚  Out of total cases of inflammatory bowel disease around 10 % cases exhibit characteristics of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and moreover severity and occurrence of these diseases is similar in all age groups. This together occurrence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is called as intermittent colitis. Out of these two diseases, one particular disease is not age related and both disease occur at any stage of life. Hence, in few cases it is very difficult to differentiate between these two diseases. Nevertheless, a careful medical history, physical examination, use of screening tools, and correct diagnostic tests can precisely differentiate between these two inflammatory bowel disease conditions in most patients, allowing disease-specific management (Tontini et al., 2015).  Ã‚   Physical examination of the patient should be performed along with asking questions to the patient. There is the possibility of fever due to intestinal inflammation and dehydration due to diarrhea. Hence, temperature should be noted and about dehydration Mr. A should be asked about his fatigue and lethargy. This fatigue and lethargy also would be helpful in evaluating anemia because bloody diarrhea, there is the possibility of anemia in Mr.A. There is also possibility of weight loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hence,   weight of Mr. A, also should be noted.  Ã‚  Ã‚      Stomach pain in particular area should be evaluated by slight pressing of the stomach area and inquiring Mr. A about the pain sensation. Inflammatory bowel disease is generally associated with extra intestinal plications like arthritis, iritis and dermatitis. These plications also should be evaluated by observation of the particular part and asking Mr. A about any abnormal feeling in that part like pain in limb in arthritis.  Ã‚   Rectal examination should be performed to assess bloody stool because in inflammatory bowel disease, there is occurrence of bloody diarrhea (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Biomarker analysis: As IBD is inflammatory bowel disease further prediction of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can be performed by inflammatory biomarker analysis like CRP, IL-6, INF gamma and IL-13. Immunologically Crohn’s disease is TH1 mediated inflammatory disease INF gamma predict about the occurrence of   Crohn’s disease. On the other side, ulcerative colitis is TH2 medicated disease, IL13 predict about ulcerative colitis. Even tough, CRP doesn’t give clear differentiation between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, it has been found that CRP levels are slightly higher in Crohn’s disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum IL6 levels are also slightly higher in Crohn’s disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum biomarker as diagnostic test should be performed initially because it is simple test and it give good prediction without much plication to the patient. From biomarker analysis, it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative c olitis (Lewis, 2011; Iskandar et al., 2012). Cross-sectional imaging can be helpful in the identification of the stage of the inflammatory bowel disease. This includes tools like ultrasonography, puted tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and barium contrast radiology. Decision on the selction of the tool for cross-sectional imaging depends on the patient condition, severity of the symptoms in the patient, availability of expertise and instrument. Along with the identification of   location of the lession, cross-sectional imaging is also helpful in the evaluation of the thickness of the colonic wall and examination of the different layers of the colonic wall. This analysis of each wall of the colonic wall helps in the differential diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis because Crohn’s disease occurs throughout all the layers of colonic wall and ulcerative colitis occurs in the inner layer of the colonic wall. These imaging techniques also helpful in the assessment of presence or absence of colonic lymph nodes From cross sectional imaging, it is evident that Mr. has ulcerative colitis (Braveman et al., 2004; Tekkis et al., 2005).      Ileo-colonoscopy : Ileo-colonoscopy helpful in the differential diagnosis in the inflammatory bowel disease because in this examination patient with Crohn’s disease exhibits discontinuous inflammation of colonic wall, lesions and cobblestoning of the mucosa. On the other side, ulcerative colitis exhibits erosions,continuous inflammation, microulcers and granularity in the mucosa. From Ileo-colonoscopy it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Dignass et al., 2012).   Ã‚   Histopathology : For the differential diagnosis of the inflammatory bowel disease, histopathology was performed from the two specimens from the five sites of the colon of the colon, rectum and terminal ileum. In histopatological analysis, Crohn’s disease exhibits architectural and inflammatory changes which depicts discontinuous alterations throughout the colon, focal cryptitis, inflammation of the lamina propria and mucin deposition. Ulceratice colitis exhibits paneth cell metaplasiain the distal part of the colon, depletion of mucin, inflammatory cell infiltration throughout the mucosa, distorted crypts and surface erosions. From histopathological analysis it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Magro et al., 2013). Upper endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is helpful in the patients with suspected Crohn’s disease because this particular disease of the inflammatory bowel disease is related to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This diagnostic tool is not valid exclusivity for Crohn’s disease because upper endoscopy is also useful for the diagnosis of the Helicobacter pylori infection, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and gastric adenocarcinoma. This diagnostic test was rejected in Mr. A because other above performed tests clerly indicated occurrence of ulcerative colitis in Mr. A (Annese et al., 2013). Small-bowel endoscopy:   Small-bowel endoscopy is also specifically useful for the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hnece, this test was also not considered for the diffential diagnosis of Mr. A, because in other diagnostic tests it was confirmed that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Flamant et al., 2013). In the health assessment of Mr. A, stepwise approach was followed starting from the collection of the history of Mr. A in terms of family history and medical history. In this it was identified that Mr. A has very unhealthy lifestyle which was responsible for the multiple disease in M. A like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, liver disease and his condition was like a patient with metabolic syndrome. As, he was consuming medications for these conditions, his most of the health issues in the past are in control now. It is evident from the tests performed for diabetes, blood pressure and liver function test. Recently he was suffering from the intense stomach pain and bloody diarrhea. Hence, it was predicted that Mr. was suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease prised of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, specific diagnosis was performed for Mr. A by applying differential diagnosis. In the diffential diagnosis it is evident that Mr.A is s uffering from the ulcerative colitis. Annese, V., Daperno, M., Rutter, M.D., Amiot, A., Bossuyt, P., & East, J. (2013). European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(12), 982-1018. Braveman, J.M., Schoetz, D.J., Marcello, P.W., Roberts, P.L., et al. (2004). The fate of the ileal pouch in patients developing Crohn’s disease. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 47, 1613–1619. Cohen, R. D. (2003). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Springer Science & Business Media. Dignass, A., Eliakim, R., Magro, F., Maaser, C., Chowers, Y., et al. (2012). Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 6, 965–990. Fischbach, F.T., & Barnett, M. (2009). A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. (8 th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Flamant, M., Trang, C., Maillard, O., Sacher-Huvelin, S., Le Rhun, M., Galmiche, J.P., & Bourreille, A. (2013). The prevalence and ou e of jejunal lesions visualized by small bowel capsule endoscopy in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 19(7), 1390-6. Iskandar, H.N., & Ciorba, M.A. (2012). Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: current practices and recent advances. Translational Research, 159, 313–325. Jensen, S. (2010). Pocket Guide for Nursing Health Assessment: A Best Practice Approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Lewis, J, D. (2011). The utility of biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 140:1817–1826.e2. Magro, F., Langner, C., Driessen, A., Ensari, A., Geboes, K., et al. (2013). European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(10), 827-51. Novelline, R. A., & Squire, L. F. (2004). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. (6 th ed.). Harvard University Press.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Targan, S.R., Shanahan, F. Karp, LC. (2007). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Springer Science & Business Media. Tekkis, P.P, Heriot, A.G., Smith, O., Smith, J.J., Windsor, A.C., & Nicholls, R.J. (2007). Long-term ou es of restorative proctocolectomy for Crohn’s disease and indeterminate colitis. Colorectal Disease, 7, 218–223. Tontini, G.E., Vecchi, M., Pastorelli, L., Neurath, M.F., & Neumann, H. (2015). Differential diagnosis in inflammatory bowel disease colitis: state of the art and future perspectives. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(1), 21-46.

Methods Section Report Rubric Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methods Section Rubric - Lab Report Example The water was added until the towels became saturated and could no longer hold additional water. The weight of the saturated paper towels was also weighed and recorded. The weight of water held by the paper towels was determined by getting the difference between the weight of the wet and dry paper towels (Baxter, Shavelson, Goldman, and Pine4). This difference in weight was recorded for each type of paper towel. The procedure was repeated eight times for each type of paper towel to obtain nine replicates. The results were recorded in a table. A fully saturated paper towel of each type was used as positive control for each replicate to determine a standard level of saturation before taking weight measurements. The hypothesis was tested by getting the average and total amount of water held by each type of paper towel. The final results (average and totals) were then compared for the two types of paper towels. The type of paper towel that held the highest amount of water was regarded the most absorbent towel. Baxter, Gail P., Richard J. Shavelson, Susan R. Goldman, and Jerry Pine. "Evaluation of Procedure-Based Scoring for Hands-On Science Assessment." Journal of Educational Measurement 29.1 (1992): 1-17.

Hunger in America by Richard Mitchell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hunger in America by Richard Mitchell - Essay Example It is not their fault given that they are â€Å"mentally ill† thus advocating critical thinking as the cure for fundamental literalism will not help. It is like asking a physically challenged person to run. 2. Response Bill Barnhart’s son did not have cheerios and grape juice for his last meal. In my understanding, the story of Bill Barnhart is an allegorical one, which is given to show that reading (cheerios and grape juice) for fundamental literalist (hungry people) does not provide a solution to their problem (hunger). The hunger from which Bill Barnhart’s son suffered from is the mindless, non-attentive, non-judicious and non-reflective reading of language. Eating the meal made of cheerios and grape juice was supposed to relieve him his hunger, rather he died after eating. Thus the meal of cheerios and grape juice should be taken as the medicine that fundamental literalists take when they are hungry. It is therefore not true (False) that Bill Barnhart’ s son took cheerios and grape juice for supper.